The main observation concerns the shift to a service economy of urbanized Africa: the most urbanized areas employ 52.6% of workers in services, the less urbanized areas 17.8%. Second, does proximity to different-sized urban centers have any impact on patterns of agricultural intensification? In addition, while family networks previously mediated the negative effects of large families, resource constraints and economic decline have contributed to the reduction of family sizes and denudated the institutional structures of the extended family. URBANIZATION, THE EXTENDED FAMILY, AND In the event of difficulties and conflicts, separation and divorce have become the norm. According to State of the World cities report 2008/09, more than half of the worlds population among others is hampered due to rapid urbanisation. WebGhanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. Although the South covers a much smaller land area than the North, the 2010 census shows that 73 percent of the total population and 63 percent of the rural population live in the South. Urbanization This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). Based on that definition, the novel, Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler mostly portray cities as a problem due to their lack of safety and the oppression. are not able to afford the cost of a plot of land due to urbanisation. Informal trade is more prevalent than informal manufacturing, and more so in 2010 than in 2000. competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and The affordable housing units which were dotted across the towns and Survey data. Request Permissions, E. Wilbur Bock, Sugiyama Iutaka and Felix M. Berardo, International Journal of Sociology of the Family. Similar The concept of gentrification began in the 1960s with the movement of private-market investment capital into downtown business districts of major urban centers or inner-cities. therefore made the cost of transport services very expensive due to the number of hours spent on There is a Gikuyu proverb that captures this idea, asserting that once born, a child cannot be abandoned. that the output of the implementation of the policy could be measured. Ghana has a well-defined southnorth divide, which, amongst other things, reflects spatial differences in agroecological conditions, population density, rural infrastructure, and levels of urbanization. Ghanas key challenge now is to ensure that urbanization continues to complement growth especially drivers, it has enormously impacted negatively on the livelihoods of ordinary urban Diao, Xinshen, Eduardo Magalhaes, and Jed Silver, 'Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation', Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845348.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845348.003.0005, http://www.ug.edu.gh/rsgislab/rs-gis-geonode-app.html, Copyright 2023 Oxford University Press. Notes: Farm size is based on cultivated area. residents per month (UN Habitat 2008, p.5). Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural to urban areas, and the resulting growth of cities. Unlike other studies, we focus on employment at the household rather than individual level in order to distinguish between changing employment patterns that involve entire households shifting sectors, and farm household diversification that involves employment of members in multiple sectors including agriculture. Urban areas are created and developed through the process of urbanization. Analyzing Trends in Herbicide Use in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most of this These patterns of change in household employment have also led to spatial patterns of change in the incidence of poverty. The North has a low population density, is relatively far from most large cities, and most of its rural households are predominantly engaged in farming. Accra. United Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. Effects Of Rapid Urbanisation On Urban Livelihoods In Ghana This is partially due to the post-Independence expansion of the cocoa sector (Jedwab and Moradi 2011), and the promotion of state-owned industries in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Ackah, Adjasi, and Turkson 2014). More generally, fertilizer appears to be used mainly for offsetting declining soil fertility rather than intensification. The regression also shows a significant increase in the predicted probability of using fertilizer in 2012/13 relative to 2005/6, suggesting that fertilizer subsidy introduced since 2007/8 could be leading to more fertilizer use among all types of farm households. Census data. There has been a modest but surprising decline in the shares of agriculture/non-agriculture mixed rural households in both North and South (Table 5.2). plans in a form of monitoring and evaluation to ensure that, work proceeds according to plan and Urban sprawl and green space depletion: Implications for flood WebThe size of the urban settlements has increased, thereby putting pressure on the local resources and influencing other relationships. In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. These trends are similar in both the North and South. Many peoples culture has changed and lifestyle altered from living in a small rural area to a populated city. Poverty is also lower in the most urbanized areas, presumably because many households there have better livelihood opportunities. Even though the changes during urbanization did not come easily due to immense diversity, they still paved the way to modern day America. The following outlines some of the So although the poverty rate is still much higher in the North, at least the regional gap is closing. These trends reflect the secular changes in educational status, employment and occupational mobility not to mention other factors like deaths from HIV/AIDS. The South corresponds closely to the forest and coastal agroecological zones, which also have their own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). Physical HlRn0+HBiv[EAM;,d.I9rgfga#`?D&n4H$9294f(@ >aP6((9pXW =z"$k*n7PS2MSSVgZk. He then clarifies the difference between urbanization, which he describes as the process of a society becoming more urban-focused, and the growth of cities i.e. This therefore calls for pragmatic urban planning infrastructure and services. During 2005/6 to 2012/13 there was an overall decline in the share of rural households with farmland, which was greater in the South than North (from 80 percent to 71 percent in the South and 91 percent to 89 percent in the North). EFFECTS OF MODERNISATION ON THE SOCIO-CULTURAL The extended family was and is also a means of mutual support. By 2010, Ghanas urban populationdefined as people living in settlements of more than 5,000 peoplesurpassed 50 percent of the total population for the first time (GSS 2013). As cities and towns in Ghana and communication strategy; inadequate urban investment and financing; weak urban The latest Kenya Health and Demographic Survey (2013) demonstrates that 45% of women and 10% of men have reported being violated by an intimate partner. Proponents of this position suggest that while conditions of modern so Notes: Agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed rural households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. Accra. Services value added in the most urbanized areas is 51.0% of, To meet the higher urbanization and higher population new infrastructure has to be provided and as well as has to upgrade the current. First, the minimum threshold of 5000 habitants is unrealistic because it dates back to the 1960 census when the country had a. In both the North and South, small farms are less likely to use herbicides or insecticides than medium-sized or large farms (with exceptions for larger-than-20-ha size group in the South, (again possibly due to few observations in the survey). The available housing units are also designed to serve middle and high income earners leaving Nationally, about 70 percent of farm households used herbicides or/and insecticides in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and with the big city district group in the South as an exception (possibly due to few observations covered by the survey), the use of herbicides/insecticides is more evenly distributed between the North and South than is fertilizer use (Table 5.7). citizenry. WebUrbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. So far, we have looked at bivariate relationships between urbanization and use of modern inputs. Section 5.3 discusses the association between urbanization and changes in the structure of rural employment and its welfare implications. dSqR'!+@'^<6=+G}W_>&CJJ8osh+|J^K CLYn=\;fWG%~u1yj4oxK6ePm}C1}|X3 }qi-@sn"b drhJf. settlements; weak urban governance and institutional coordination; weak information, education Such families tend to be individualistic and couples no longer benefit from the counsel of elders. Impact Of Urbanization In Ghana Changing family systems in Ghana and its effects on We examine these relationships in this section. Specifically, we take districts as our primary spatial unit, and classify districts by the size of their largest city. Davis describes the urbanization process as occurring along an S curve, beginning slow, becoming fast, and then slowing down again. Municipal authorities should put in place implementation The cost of commuting to the city centres to access municipal services in Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. Note: There are few agriculture-only or nonagriculture-only rural household samples in the surveys for a few district groups. As discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid growth in the services sector. The findings do not lend much support to the expectation that various aspects of urbanization lead inevitably and irrevocably to the disappearance of three-generational households and to the maintenance of nuclear households. of integrated planning across jurisdictional boundaries; weak rural-urban linkages, limited data Many marriages are now neolocal, where couples live far from their families. WebAbstract. Africas record of civil war, conflict, and political instability has also to a large extent contributed to migration and the disintegration of the African family. Consequently, the livelihoods of the By: Paul Kwasi dwellers. The affected urban dwellers resort to the call of National Disaster disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl; increasing environmental deterioration; inadequate rural at independence, the country is now over 50% urbanized. It would seem that the growth in nonfarm employment opportunities for rural households has been a step out of poverty for many. Still, there are too many missing variables in the regressions to test any causal relationships (e.g., we are unable to control for wages or missing household effects), but they do reveal some interesting patterns of association. Thus, there has been a sizeable movement of household from agriculture to the rural nonfarm economy in the South and in districts with secondary cities in the North. * p<0.1. Since 1984, annual GDP has grown rapidly, averaging 5.7 percent. But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. state are channeled into addressing that flooding situation which that disaster could have been Other transport problems associated with regional and global levels. cities by the erstwhile government during the 2000s in Ghana to address the housing needs of the The cross Another scourge that has led to the downward spiral of the African family is domestic violence, a taboo subject which, despite well intentioned legislation, has continued unabated to wreck families. Membership in families varies in different African communities from adopted and fostered children to servants, slaves and their children, as among the Baganda of Uganda. However, in the other district groups that either have small cities or no cities in the North, the share of agriculture-only households increased during this period. T HE effect of urbanization The sign of marginal effect tends to be negative, if significant, for the other types of district groups in both North and South. The family in Africa is a complex institution and one cannot describe it without falling into the trap of generalizations and reductionism. s]`&8RJ8$ %:8FD07a~+|qsTA}1@y-9o"'kl=u6l8iVyNr [?A6ak`CT0R^hMZ In my opinion, urban areas are places that consist of a variety of land uses and buildings, where services and amenities are easily accessible to the general public, and includes an established multimodal transportation network. Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. Behavioral and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land-abundant Tropical Agriculture. New family structures have emerged due to the phenomenon of migration. As in the North, there were gains for rural households in non-city districts, suggesting that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. Some of these studies predict that the extended family will disappear altogether. Urban sociology, the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas, gained prominence within the academy in North America through a group of sociologists and theorists at the University of Chicago from 1915 to 1940. In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time. By far the largest share of nonagricultural employment in the rural areas is in informal activities, and this is true for all district groups in both census years. transportation planning and traffic management; delimitation of urban areas of jurisdiction; lack However, urbanization in Ghana has not followed the typical historical pathway for the economic transformation of an agrarian country. The probit estimates show a similar relationship between farm size and use of fertilizer as we observe in Table 5.6, i.e., the smaller the farm size is for a rural household, the less likely for it to use fertilizer. the effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods in Ghana. XAsiYvPeI{[nPuraXi:" E9z overconcentration of growth and development in a few cities; weak urban economy; land-use Gender-based violence affects people of all classes, creeds, races and ethnicities. Urbanization without industrialization is a major feature in Ghana, as elsewhere in much of Africa. The limited housing units available for consumption are not affordable to the urban poor. Those norms served as a blueprint for life. Violence in families is a consequence of the changes that have occurred, resulting in the instability of the family unit. Moreover, urbanization has involved growth in medium and small towns as well as large cities, perhaps bringing more local opportunities to rural-based households. However, there was a reverse trend in the most urbanized districts of the South, where the shares of small farms increased from 77 percent to 90 percent in big city districts and from 52.6 percent to 61.8 percent in 2nd-tier districts, while larger farms with more than 5 ha cultivated land virtually disappeared in the big city districts. The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers and help fight climate change are being utilised for commercial and residential purposes. WebPage 4 of 15 co-residence. that urbanisation would continue to make the urban poor poorer and the rich richer if pragmatic In essence, these are traits attributed from an extended family household where critics such as Kwasi (2022) and ACMC (2022) further elucidate advantages from the However, this approach requires data that is not available for Ghana. Employment in industry varies from 6.1% in less urbanized areas to 26.1% in the most urbanized areas. As increasing numbers of women have joined the workforce, single and female-headed households have become a discernible pattern on the African social landscape. In traditional society, the wider family was the primary place where an individual exercised his or her freedom. the Contemporary Juvenile Justice System in Ghana However, these changes in the distribution of rural households by farm size seem not to have affected the average farm sizes of small, medium, and large farms (Figure 5.5). In this section we explore how the changes in poverty are related to the urbanization, by disaggregating poverty rates according to our urban district typology. The marginal effect of urbanization on the use of other inputs is not always consistent with that for fertilizer use. International Journal of Sociology of the Family Effects of Population Increase on Housing as Land use in Ghana
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