98 0 obj <> endobj /Length 260 /Subtype /Link According to Sergie Boeke (2018, 28), it hampers the effectiveness and execution of Dutch cyber power that intelligence and military operations operate on different mandates, cultures, and methods of working. << NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCD COE) (2012), Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Chicago, Council of the European Union, 9 March 2021, Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council, 16 December 2020, Council of the European Union, 30 July 2020, Council of the European Union (12 April 2019). It was prepared by the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Warfighting Requirements and Capabilities (OPNAV N9) and approved for release by the Office of the Secretary of the Navy. << Asked by the newspaper Libration about the prospect for future operational cooperation, the head of ANSSI, Guillaume Poupard, has said that by 2025, I think we will have the obligation to have common platforms [bringing together defenders and attackers] to react effectively to the worst threats (Amaelle Citation2020). 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R] The NRE Addendum to the Naval Research and Development Framework includes additional detail about how the priorities in the Framework correlate to research subtopics. The Netherlands Defence organisation deploys offensive digital resources exclusively against military targets. 3D printing is revolutionizing defence by printing small components to full drones on naval vessels, replacement parts for fighter aircrafts to printing ammunition. This development finds support in the Strategic Vision of the Chief of Defense Staff from October 2021. 18 . strategic picture to defend cyber key terrain to enable mission command. Educating the civil aviation workforce . The plan stresses that the ability of the e-service [foreign intelligence service] in peace, crisis and in armed conflict to follow, attribute, warn and actively counter digital threats also before events occur, shall be further developed. Belgium, Mon - Thu: 10:00 - 17:00 Success of military operations in the physical domains is increasingly dependent on the availability of, and access . EU-NATO Cybersecurity and Defense Cooperation: From Common - GMFUS (POSTED: May 24, 2022) The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps climate strategy, Climate Action 2030, setsthe Department of the Navy (DON) on a path to achieve the Nations commitment to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, while becoming a more capable, agile, and lethal fighting force. It is not publicly disclosed how the human and technical infrastructure resources are pooled in the event of a cyber-attack on the Netherlands surmounting to armed conflict. NATO will continue to adapt to the evolving cyber threat landscape. The White House Blog - Melissa Hathaway (29 May 2009), White House 60-Day Cyberspace Policy Review (2009), U.S. Department of Homeland Security (February 2003). No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). NATO and North Macedonia strengthen responses to cyber threats(19 February 2021). 3 A ransomware attack allegedly carried out by Russian criminals. << Belgium, Mon - Thu: 10:00 - 17:00 << INFO: James A. Lewis, director of the Technology and Public Policy Program, testified before U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, on "Securing Americas Future: The Cybersecurity Act of 2012. Paragraph 20 - Cyber Threats. /Im3 56 0 R Guidance articulates Secretary Del Toro's vision to build, train, and equip the worlds most powerful naval force to meet both todays operational demands and the warfighting needs of the future. mt_ C)WvL DOD Cybersecurity Campaign. Instead, its operations are based on a specific intelligence services legislation.Footnote9 The legal framework does allow MIVD to conduct counter-operations. Reinforcing America's traditional tools of diplomacy, the Department provides military options to ensure the President and our diplomats negotiate from a position of strength. ]}"F1;p]"D37a{ The rapid development of cyber threats and intelligence challenges the traditional design of static cyber defense platforms. In the following, the three first of these are deployed as starting points for examining the organization of French cyber capabilities. This collaboration is mentioned in research (Gudard Citation2020, Florant Citation2021) and journalism (Amaelle Citation2020) reviewing the development of French cyber capabilities. However, the Ministry does not elaborate on how the coordination between the intelligence service and the operational headquarters plays out or what it exactly entails. Recent cyber incidents such as the SolarWinds,Footnote1 the Microsoft ExchangeFootnote2, and the Colonial PipelineFootnote3 hacks demonstrate how malicious cyber operations continue to question the demarcation lines between war and peace, military and civilian, and internal and external security. It then examines the organization of cyber capabilities across military and intelligence entities in the Netherlands, France, and Norway. endobj 3099067 endobj This report is the Department of the Navy (DON) 30-year shipbuilding plan for the FY2022 Presidents Budget (PB2022). As Arctic ice recedes and maritime activity increases, the Coast Guard must be prepared to administer and inform national objectives over the long-term. While the collaboration between ANSSI, COMCYBER, and the French intelligence services is hence likely to increase, neither the desired outcome of the collaboration nor its strategic and practical dimensions are explicated. stream When is maneuvering in cyberspace for intelligence purposes vis-a-vis military cyberspace operations mutually exclusive, reinforcing, and supporting? This paper presents a brief survey of artificial intelligence applications in cyber defense (CD), and analyzes the prospects of enhancing the cyber defense capabilities by means of increasing the . Innovation, and ultimately the success of the naval mission, is based on three fundamental things: People, Information, and Ideas. The DCC does not have mandate to play an active role in disrupting continuous adversarial cyber behavior short of war. This rise is arguably fueled by the dramatic increase in ransomware payments. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. In 2017 it became the cyber defense command (COMCYBER) and was placed directly under the chief of staff of the armed force. /Contents [7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R] There is hence a need for increased attention and a focused approach to how the country-specific organizational model allows for operational capacity to travel from, translate into, and shape intelligence and military entities and to which implications. Cyber Offense in NATO: challenges and Opportunities, Cyber Conflict Short of War: A European Strategic Vacuum, The Ontological Politics of Cyber Security: Emerging Agencies, Actors, Sites, and Spaces, Cyber Conflict vs. Cyber Command: hidden Dangers in the American Military Solution to a Large-Scale Intelligence Problem, Structuring the National Cyber Defence: in Evolution towards a Central Cyber Authority, Secrtariat gnral de la dfense et de la scurit nationale, What is the Cyber Offense-Defense Balance? CDR_V2N1_2017.indd 17 3/9/17 10:41 PM. Council of the European Union (19 June 2017), Council of the European Union (7 June 2017), European Commission - Fact sheet (6 July 2016), Council conclusions on cyber diplomacy (11 February 2015), Council of the European Union (1718 November 2014), European Commission - High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (7 February 2013), European Union - European External Action Service (7 February 2013). This raises concern that the operational cyber capability of the Netherlands is hampered by the current organizational structure and legal mandate. /Font 51 0 R Speech by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at the Cyber Defence Pledge Conference (Ecole militaire, Paris) (15 May 2018) Cyber Defence Pledge. The future of Europe will revolve around digitisation and cybersecurity even more when looking at it from the defence angle. The paper thereby sheds light on a pressing cybersecurity policy and governance issue that has received scarce political and academic attention. 120 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<75AFDF8CADBBE44E84785B8E85770F12><3A9CD3B0E9691541AA347CD2735C4F5E>]/Index[98 41]/Info 97 0 R/Length 108/Prev 121857/Root 99 0 R/Size 139/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream /Im2 57 0 R /Parent 2 0 R One part of the answer can be traced to the 2014 internal guideline for information security and the conduct of cyber operations in the defense (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2014). They ultimately broke into fewer than 100 choice networksincluding those of Fortune 500 companies like Microsoft and the US Justice Department, State Department, and NASA (Newman Citation2021). /Font 55 0 R 3523 - Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act, President Ilves at Harvard University: all members of NATO must share a common understanding of cyber security, Congressional Testimony: U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Securing Americas Future: The Cybersecurity Act of 2012., International Cyber Diplomacy: Promoting Openness, Security and Prosperity in a Networked World, International Strategy for Cyberspace : Prosperity, Security, and Openness in a Networked World, Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010, Cyberspace Policy Review : Assuring a Trusted and Resilient Information and Communications Infrastructure, The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace. /Version /1.5 extremity, deviancy, or similarity, but because they highlight more general characteristics of the organization of cyber capabilities in Europe (Flybjerg Citation2006). stream PB2022 provides planned funding to procure ships included in FY2022. On the contrary, the Military Security and Intelligence Service (MIVD) has demonstrated significant operational cyber capacity in several cases.Footnote6 Some of its work is undertaken in collaboration with the General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) in the Joint SIGINT Cyber Unit (JSCU).Footnote7 As a collaboration between the MIVD and the AIVD, the JSCU forms a cornerstone of the Dutch cybersecurity. This report summarizes the discussions and findings of the Workshop on Intelligent Autonomous Agents for Cyber Defence and Resilience organized by the NATO research group IST-152-RTG. xSN@oKK/jAT#2!!VBDw4BUwx9:aM_r$F/U?|x+U_-iz As our future enlisted leaders proceed from the stern to the bow over the course of their careers, making each milestone, they are building the backbone of our future Navy that is enduring and deeply connected to the heritage of those that have gone before us. Today (16 February 2017), NATO and Finland stepped up their engagement with the signing of a Political Framework Arrangement on cyber defence cooperation. Japan, Australia, Canada, and the U.K. are . (PDF) Cyber Threats in Civil Aviation - ResearchGate The paper proceeds by locating the study in relation to relevant debates in cybersecurity scholarship. b(+fb`\BA130s@kvv[ ^ However, under the Joint Cyber Coordination Center (FCKS), the intelligence service collaborates and coordinates with the National Security Authority (NSM), the Policy Security Service (PST), and The National Criminal Investigation Service (Kripos) when it comes to countering and dealing with severe cyber operations (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2020, 7677). How do I access the full text of journal articles ? Cybersecurity has the attention of senior DoD officials and the Service chiefs. As stressed by Claver (Citation2018, 168), all three organizations are very different in procedures, operating style, tasks, and outlook. Drawing out these three models of organizing cyber capabilities and their dominant characteristics, should be considered a starting point for further explorations and discussions of how European countries can and ought to organize their cyber capabilities across intelligence and military entities. It is seldom distinct where one stage ends, and another begins. In recent years, the DGSE has become more open about its work, but it remains a very secretive service (Chopin Citation2017: 546). 8 Fleet Secure Endpoint - installation and use 30 - Dashboard and alerting 30 - Fleet Secure Endpoint use in context 31 9 Cyber security, Crew Training and Awareness 32 10 Fleet Secure Endpoint - real case studies 34 11 Conclusion and Next Steps 36 White Paper Cyber security requirements for IMO 2021 CYBER SECURITY Chief of Naval Operations Adm. John Richardson released 'A Design for Maintaining Maritime Superiority, Version 2.0,' Dec. 17, 2018. %PDF-1.4 The doctrine calls for increased coordination and collaboration between the Cyber Command and the intelligence services. According to Stphane Taillat (Citation2019), a significant part of offensive cyber operations is the responsibility of the DGSE and lies outside of the French military cyber strategy. The Norwegian long-term defense plan for 20212024 notes that access to up-to-date and relevant information about threats and threat actors is absolutely central to being able to handle threats in the digital space (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2020, 76). Belgium, Mon - Thu: 10:00 - 17:00 EU to beef up cybersecurity agency 13. DODIN Operations, to design, build, configure, secure, operate, maintain, and sustain DOD communications systems and networks across the entire DODIN. United States Navy > Resources > Strategic Library PDF Inmarsat Maritime - Cyber security requirements for IMO 2021 /Length 186 This article has demonstrated significant divergence in organizing cyber capabilities across military and intelligence in the Netherlands, France, and Norway. The head of the National Security Agency and Cyber Command may soon be two different jobs and the Defense Department will have a new "joint unified . << The German Marshall Fund of the United States, 13 December 2018. This should be done with great sensitivity to tangential elements of developing and deploying cyber capabilities such as strategic guidance, legal mandate, doctrinal procedures, human skills, technological capacity as well as the specificity of national contexts. A cyber command function outside the Intelligence Service will, for Norway, be an unfortunate and costly solution. /Rect [0.0 763.81604 612.0 792.0] Reports - Cyber Defence - NATO Library at NATO Library View GAO-17-512. Abstract. While future research could examine these and other explanatory factors, it is paramount that researchers and policy makers devote greater attention to the organizing of cyber capabilities, including the operational and strategic implications of the organizational divergence across NATO and EU members. This document provides a discussion of how Naval Aviation leadership intends to support "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower," and is aligned to the Chief of Naval Operations' guidance, "A Design for Maintaining Maritime Superiority," and the Commandant of the Marine Corps' "FRAGO 01/2016: Advance to Contact." /Type /Page Such embattled nations may find individual cyber-safety even more salient in light of the increased global tendency towards military cyberwarfare ( Baram, 2017; Cohen et al., 2016 ). Navy Emphasizing Maritime Cybersecurity Investments Finland is actively engaged with NATO on a number of cyber defence activities, including participation in NATOs annual flagship cyber defence exercise Cyber Coalition, as well as NATOs Crisis Management Exercise. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] NATO Headquarters Today (16 February 2017), NATO and Finland stepped up their engagement with the signing of a Political Framework Arrangement on cyber defence cooperation. This article refers to offensive cyber capabilities as custom-made combinations of human and non-human elements that allow cyber operations to achieve impact across the spectrum of intelligence and attack. Some of this work is undertaken in collaboration with the civilian General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) in the Joint SIGINT Cyber Unit (JSCU). (Liebetrau Citation2022, 16). As an arctic and maritime nation, U.S . >> The deployment of cyber capabilities has a long history with the French foreign intelligence service The General Directorate for External Security (DGSE) (Gudard Citation2020). First, the ANSSI can respond to a computer attack affecting the national security of France by carrying out the technical operations necessary to characterize the attack and neutralize its effects by accessing the information systems that are at the origin of the attack (Gry Citation2020). The arrangement will allow NATO and Finland to better protect and improve the resilience of their networks. It is a significant factor for Roles Responsibilities of Cyber Command Debated - National Defense Magazine In the past decade, the defense cybersecurity strategies of the Netherlands have displayed the nations ambition to develop offensive cyber capabilities (Bunk and Smeets Citation2021; Claver Citation2018). /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Private Sector Cyber Defense : Can Active Measures Help Stabilize Cyberspace ? /Type /Page However, it is unclear whether decision makers have systematically assessed how the organizational model allows for the operational capacity to travel from, translate into, and shape intelligence and military entities and to which strategic and governance implications. (Posted Oct. 27, 2021 by Naval Aviation Enterprise Public Affairs). This strategy is intended to position the United States to respond effectively to challenges and emerging opportunities arising from significant increases in Arctic activity due to the diminishment of sea ice and the emergence of a new Arctic environment. Experts review the Department of the Navy's cybersecurity posture. Along the same line, the Ministry of Defense emphasizes, in its Defence Vision 2035: Fighting for a safer future, the need for organizational decompartmentalization when countering hybrid threats in the information environment (Ministry of Defense Citation2020, 17) and promises to devote attention to the hybrid strategic competition between war and peace (Ministry of Defense Citation2020, 23). /Rotate 0 (PDF) Cyber Defense: An International View - ResearchGate The Maritime Security Cooperation Policy renews our focus on preventing war, operating forward in new and flexible ways, and being postured to prevail should conflict arise. Russias Cyber Policy Efforts in the United Nations, Already in a Cyberwar with Russia, NATO Must Expand Article 5 to Include Cyberwarfare, Cyber Defence in NATO Countries : Comparing Models, NATOs Needed Offensive Cyber Capabilities, Cyber Conflict Uncoded : The EU and Conflict Prevention in Cyberspace, National Cyber Security Organisation : Czechia, NATO in the Cyber Age : Strengthening Security and Defence, Stabilizing Deterrence, Cybersecurity of NATOs Space-based Strategic Assets, Huawei, 5G, and China as a Security Threat, Offense as the New Defense: New Life for NATOs Cyber Policy, Preparing for Cyber Conflict : Case Studies of Cyber Command, Cybersecurity and the New Era of Space Activities, Initial Reference Architecture of an Intelligent Autonomous Agent for Cyber Defense [9 September 20169 February 2018], Achieve and Maintain Cyberspace Superiority : Command Vision for US Cyber Command, Mutually Assured Disruption : Framing Cybersecurity in Nuclear Terms. NATO Headquarters An official website of the United States government, Department of the Navy Cyberspace Superiority Vision, Climate Action 2030 Department of the Navy, VA Vet Center (Supports vets, service members, and their families), Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal Year 2023, One Navy-Marine Corps Team: Strategic Guidance from the Secretary of the Navy, eport to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal Year 2022, After compiling and analyzing feedback from hundreds of Sailors through focus groups and surveys, Task Force One Navyin early 2021 submitted its final report, Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels, Prepared by: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, SECNAV Stem to Stern Comprehensive Review, Comprehensive Review of the DON Uniformed Legal Communities, Department of the Navy Strategic Guidance FY 2020, Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America, Department of the Navy's New Education Initiatives, A Design for Maintaining Maritime Superiority (Version 2.0), Navy Leader Development Framework (Version 3.0), Readiness Reform Oversight Committee: One Year Later, Naval Research and Development: A Framework for Accelerating to the Navy and Marine Corps after Next, Naval Research Enterprise (NRE) Addendum to the Naval Research and Development Framework, US Fleet Cyber Command/ Tenth Fleet Strategic Plan 2015-2020, New Navy Cryptologic & Cyber Warfare Community Vision Released, SECNAV Cybersecurity Readiness Review Letter, Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal 2020, Laying the Keel: Developing the Backbone of Our Navy, REMARKS - Acting SECNAV at JFK Christening, REMARKS - Acting SECNAV at Navy Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce, The President's Coronavirus Guidelines for America, US Navy Hospital Ship Leadership Biographies, Frequently asked questions about USNS Mercy, Frequently asked questions about USNS Comfort deployment to New York City, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. SECNAV Stem to Stern Comprehensive Review aims to find $40 billion in savings across the FY 2022-2026 Future Years Defense Program. Despite the divergence in organizing cyber capabilities, the three countries converge on the assumption that both responding to cyber conflict short of war and developing military cyber power are dependent on the skills, information, and infrastructure of intelligence services. 11 0 obj Second, scholars have shown that boundary drawing between intelligence and military cyber operations is extremely challenging for at least three reasons. Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Wales on 5 September 2014. An additional argument for the centralized model was given by the Ministry of Defense in written communication with the author. Finland sees many opportunities of enhanced cooperation for example in conducting training and exercises in the cyber domain, said Mr. Jukka Juusti, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence of Finland. >> Cybersecurity is "subject du jour" within DoD. 1 DDY d#E& m endstream % NATO and its Allies rely on strong and resilient cyber defences to fulfil the Alliance's core tasks of collective defence, crisis management and cooperative security. This paper explores how the Netherlands, France, and Norway organize their cyber capabilities at the intersection of intelligence services and military entities and provides recommendations for policy and research development in the field. PDF Strategic Cyberspace Operations Guide - Army War College U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1 page (14 July 2011), INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (latest version is dated 2013), Both ISO 27001 and ISO 27002 can be purchased online here: http://www.standards-online.net/InformationSecurityStandard.htm. 1 0 obj Cyber Defence Cyberspace is understood as the fifth domain of warfare equally critical to military operations as land, sea, air, and space. Yet, the Ministry does neither elaborate further on the relationship between intelligence and military operations nor what the internal organizational diagram looks like. The cornerstone of French cyber defense is The National Cybersecurity Agency (ANSSI). Existing scholarship has documented how European countries (Liebetrau Citation2022) and NATO (Jacobsen Citation2021) struggle to address such cyber aggressions below the threshold of war. First, cyber operations are often custom-made combinations of intelligence, intrusion, and attack (Smeets Citation2018). Conceptions, Causes and Assessment, A Matter of Time: on the Transitory Nature of Cyberweapons, Integrating Offensive Cyber Capabilities: meaning, Dilemmas, and Assessment, Cyber Arms Transfer: Meaning, Limits, and Implications, Securing Cyberspace: How States Design Governance Arrangements. European Parliament, Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA), PE 603.175, May 2017. This Arctic Strategic Outlook describes the United States Navy's strategic approach to protect U.S. national interests and promote stability in the Arctic. This includes political and legal questions of when exactly an offensive cyber operation can be regarded as a use of force. Cybersecurity in the EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) : Challenges and Risks for the EU, The Cyber-Enabled Information Struggle : Russia's Approach and Western Vulnerabilities, An Analysis of Threat Perceptions : Combating Cyber Terrorism : The Policies of NATO and Turkey, Evaluated Using Game Theory in the Context of International Law, Cyber Security in the Energy Sector : Recommendations for the European Commission on a European Strategic Framework and Potential Future Legislative Acts for the Energy Sector, From Awareness to Action - A Cybersecurity Agenda for the 45th President, Guide to Cyber Threat Information Sharing, Putins Cyberwar : Russias Statecraft in the Fifth Domain, Governing Cyberspace : A Road Map for Transatlantic Leadership. This arrangement is a good example of the cooperation between NATO and Finland it is practical, substantial and at the same time mutually beneficial. >> Fifth, it remains unclear how defensive cyber- It is the ubiq-uitous topic. NATO has adopted the Cyber Defense Pledge that aims to improve NATO Allies' national cyber defense capabilities in key areas. This calls for cooperation and coordination across military and intelligence entities.
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