I will agree to take down Hetch Hetchy, when we first replace it with a bigger new reservoir such as a bigger taller Yosemite Valley dam at El Capitan. The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. Hetch-Hetchy Controversy 598, A battle between preservationists and San Francisco in 1913, over Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite. It got its name from when TR exclaimed he felt "as strong as a bull moose". Use good judgment and stay safe. Although there are relatively few visitors to Hetch Hetchy, youll find most of them along the trail to Wapama Fall. Environmentalists lost what was the opening battle in a fight to preserve Americas natural wonders. As John Clayton writes, At the height of Progressivism, Phelan and other good-government types believed that the city should administer its own utilities. In contrast to the utilitarian view, the preservationist approach denied the assumption that the natural world existed solely to serve mans purposes. o Efforts to limit the power of the party and improve the quality of elected officials. He had to then appease both the conservatives and progressives. o Longer life expectancy Like light shining through a prism, our views today must reflect the colorful variety of perspectives passed down through history. Called for arbitration between the groups. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. Corporations bought up entire forests for lumber. The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. APUSH Framework. An unhealthy environment could lead to ignorance, poverty and even criminality. Muir fought in the pages of theAtlanticandHarpers Weekly. o Assistant secretary of the navyproponent of expansion He added significantly to the National Park System. In the first years of the twentieth century, how did the suffrage movement gain strength? The shares paid a dividend of $0.87\$ 0.87$0.87 per share during ownership. The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. The commission reported their recommendations to President Grover Cleveland in 1889, engulfing Cleveland, Pinchot, and the rest of the commission in a political firestorm. Indeed, the battle over Hetch Hetchy may have been a little-known contributor to the permanent alignment of American politics it was the tension between Ballinger and Pinchot that set in motion the events that lead to the split mentioned above. Roosevelt continued with the lawsuit and the Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities Company must be dissolved. Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete. The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. The battle over Hetch Hetchy was a fight to determine whether a beautiful valley would remain in its natural state or service the growing city of San Franciscos water needs. Not far from there, youll find more budget-minded lodging at Buck Meadows Lodge. be called after a sufficient number of citizens had signed a petition. Democrats suffered many losses in congress. The gently rolling terrain has excellent views of the water and eye-catching Kolana Rock, which towers roughly 2,000 feet above. Hetch Hetchy - Wikipedia They fished together and talked long hours into the night. APUSH Chapter 22 Flashcards | Quizlet The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the federal government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. it to the people. Copyright © 2023 More Than Just Parks | This post may contain affiliate links - read our Standards, Corrections, & Privacy Policy. On the other, the drowned valley has become an oasis of solitude in a national park that, in many places, has come to resemble a shopping mall parking lot more than a nature reserve. Suffrage movement gained momentum when states began extending suffrage to women. Describe three different progressive impulses. In the autumn of 1871, John Muir visited Hetch Hetchy for the first time. You could miss this small mountain community if you blink at the wrong time, but it is home to a few remarkable small businesses. The National Park Service conducted research to determine what would happen if the dam were removed, and people have repeatedly proposed costly studies to further understand the consequences of removing the dam. Pinchot fought these fires in Washington. Between 1908 and 1913, Congress debated whether to make a water resource available or preserve a wilderness when the growing city of San Francisco, California proposed building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a steady water supply. Were they successful? The most prominent preservationist spokesman was John Muir.. Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. It was the second tallest dam in the U.S. at the time. . Ultimately, after Cleveland threw out a congressional bill to withhold appropriations for the Forest Commissions new reserves, the issue landed at the feet of President William McKinley. Legal walls must be built about them for defense, for every park will be attacked. The book confronts the common historical narrative that Muir and Pinchot were enemies, their relationship defined by their battle over the creation of the Hetch Hetchy Dam in Yosemite. The law imposed a heavy tax on products of child labor. Its chief concern was redeeming the nation's cities. In the foreground, the deep still water of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir reflects sunshine, clouds and the proud shadows of the surrounding mountains. Who was Robert La Follette? These clean and comfortable rooms also enjoy access to the pool, spa and other facilities at Yosemite Westgate Lodge. Pinchot was a blue blood, a Puritan, a community-oriented insider. o Some felt that we needed to help the new residents adapt to American society. The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. As the demand for professional services increased, so did pressures for reform. o Divorce rate grew. helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. the 1914 elections. Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. Muir argued that every remaining acre of unentered forest-bearing land in all the country . But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing population, and saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. And in a larger sense, the waters of California served as the converting agents. o New scholarly theories argued that the immigrants were polluting the nation's racial stock. Commission Plan: (city) mayor and council replaced by an elected nonpartisan commission . A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. APUSH 17-20, 75-87 Flashcards | Quizlet the electorate for approval. This fight set the stage for future battles between those who believed natural resources were to be used for the greatest good versus those who believed natural resources were to be preserved for the greatest enjoyment. In an effort to build this support, he published his bookThe Yosemitein 1912. The San Francisco Bulletin printed a Dec. 1, 1913, story calling the bills opponents a crowd ofnature lovers and fakers, who are waging a sentimental campaign to preserve the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a public playground, a purpose for which it has never been used.. The law authorizing the dam passed Congress on December 7, 1913. The election offered voters several choices: Wilson's New Freedom, Taft's conservatism, Roosevelt's progressivism, or the Socialist Party Policies of Eugene B. Debs. was the first American president to take an active interest in environmental conservation An adjacent building contains another five suites with vaulted ceilings, forest views and soaking tubs. It pitted Gifford Pinchot, Americas first forester, against John Muir, Americas legendary conservationist. How did Wilson purpose to deal with the problem of monopolies? He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. Should nature be left alone so that flora and fauna flourish while people enjoy its primal wonders? By February 1908, confidence in the economy was restored. While Wilson was an advocate for reform there were some issues he wasn't ready to endorsewomen's suffrage and racial tension/segregation. The landscape painter Bierstadt, who brought his German Romantic training to the valley in 1862, gave the world an even larger portrait, and one in extravagant color, that photographers could not match on any scale. He urged African Americans to get an educationgo beyond trade/agricultural schools to the university. should be reserved, protected, and administered by the Federal Government . o Land and resourcescontrolled by federal government. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing Population, saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. While opponents of the dam were hard pressed for financial support, the city of San Franciscos campaign was well financed. Let us introduce you to some of the unique giant sequoia groves in the Yosemite Mariposa County area the Merced, Tuolumne, and Mariposa Groves are inside Yosemite National Park, and the Nelder Grove is just outside the park boundary to the south. Describe the passion behind each side. 1910 congressional elections brought progressive incumbents back to office (conservative Republicans Hetch Hetchy controversy: Definition. What should be the fate of prairies, wetlands, or coastal marshes? [2] Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. Plus, the granite walls converge into a narrow outlet at the bottom of the valley the perfect location for a dam. He felt reform was a vehicle for protecting it against radical challenges. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Yosemite Westgate Lodge offers newly-remodeled and well-appointed modern accommodation. People sort of tend to lean one way or another. There, he met the same Indian chief and his wives. Historians of the American conservation movement regard Pinchot as the foremost exemplar of the utilitarian approach to conservation, according to which man has a right to use natural resources, but also an obligation to use them wisely and efficientlyor as the classic criterion put it, the greatest good for the greatest number over the long run. As applied to forests and espoused by Pinchot, this meant that the nations forest reserves ought not to be maintained as inviolate sanctuaries, but opened to enlightened management.. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Modern What was the goal of the American Medical Association? Monroe was a Chicago poet who joined Muir and others on their 1908 and 1909 outings to the valley. o Some educated women shunned marriagewanted to stay active in the public world. Crusading journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political Describe the different approaches to municipal reform. What was the WCTU? What are some of the issues clubs addressed? many other states. California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. No BS! Richard Ballinger was appointed his Interior Secretary. Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. Describe the emergence of the "New Woman" at the end of the nineteenth century. Some believed in working for reform through electoral politics, others favored militant direct action. Hetch Hetchy and Yosemite Valley are so similar because they were created by the same sequences of geological activity. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.`. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. They were both initially carved by rivers flowing down the Sierras relatively gentle western slope. Us too! These helped to advance the Does the decision to make a blockbuster movie mean that some other more Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. Most people turn around here anyway. He lobbied congressmen, compromised with logging and mining companies, and argued for a forest system in which these disparate groups could jointly pursue their interests. Answer (a), (b), and (c). 1902 in ordered the Justice Department to invoke the Sherman Antitrust Act against a new railroad monopoly in the NorthwestNorthern Securities Companyenterprise pieced together by J.P. Morgan and others. San Francisco Mayor James Phelan led the fight to build a dam at Hetch Hetchy. On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. o Initiative: allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation We have historic photographs to remind us of what Hetch Hetchy Valley looked like before the dam was built. o Populists proposed two important changes in the 1890s In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. City Manager Plan: elected officials hired an outside expertoften a professionally trained business Instead, it was a more complicated battle which pitted public interests against private interests. What was Taft's first problem in the opening months of his administration? Muir famously said, Dam Hetch Hetchy! What impact did he have on state-level reform? The falls roar in spring and early summer. Muir deeply inspired Pinchot, who in turn helped influence Muirs writing. Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. Fourth, dams alter water quality. wave of antiradicalism subjected them to enormous harassment and persecution. desirable activities get fewer resources than they deserve? Now San Francisco wanted to dam one of the two principal watersheds in the park, the Hetch Hetchy valley through which ran the Tuolumne River, to create a reservoir for its water supply. Environmental Case Study: Hetch Hetchy Valley | DocsTeach How did the following influence reform: Today, the National Park and U.S. Forest Service embody the legacy of Muir and Pinchots alliance. Once the glaciers retreated, tributaries leading into the main river were left hanging hundreds or thousands of feet above the valley floor, creating the beautiful waterfalls we know today. o Election of the mayor nonpartisan End of the nineteenth century: Glaciers followed these low-points, leaving their own marks in particular carving out the characteristic U-shaped valley with steep sides and wide floor. Lukas Keel was an intern withHumanitiesmagazine. Hetch Hetchy Valley is a treasure worth visiting. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13: Additional Resources in the Create a federal agency through which the government would help business police itself regulatory commission. Muir would die just over a year later, and many would define Hetch Hetchy as the tragic climax of his life. Appealed to workers, farmers and some middle-class Americans. Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. These opposing views might have made the two men natural enemies. Progressive political leaders, of whom Mayor Phelan was one, believed it was time to take this power away from the private interests and turn it over to the people. Explain. As Muir famously protested: Dam Hetch Hetchy? Subsequent proposals for development in our national parks have been defeated by citizen activists inspired by calls to remember Hetch Hetchy. A. adopted several, but not all, major Populist issues. Franklin Lane served as the attorney for the city of San Francisco in 1903. To get the electricity they would need, they first built a smaller dam at Lake Eleanor. This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. High temperatures prevail in summer months, but its a small price to pay for the reward of vast wilderness filled with stunning peaks, hidden canyons, and remote lakes. By 1919,how many states had granted women the right to vote? Muir and other defenders of Hetch Hetchy believe the fight revolved around two central issues. Explain your answer. Right next to the Lucky Buck Cafe, youll find the Yosemite Westgate Lodge and Buck Meadows Lodge. Pinchot wrote that the men felt like guilty schoolboys the next morning, returning to their hotel to assure their travel companions they hadnt fallen into the chasm. social gospel. What were the differing viewpoints from African Americans regarding Booker T. Washington's message? This time, in favor of those who wanted to build the dam. Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. As a consequence, visitors came to experience it for themselves. Why did progressives place a high value on knowledge and expertise? Hetch Hetchy was a beautiful valley in Yosemite. Socialist Party of America Like Muir, he was totally transfixed by the Hetch Hetchy Valley. party continued to develop. industries, labor organizations, farm lobbies, and many others. As Clayton writes, the 1897 act and MuirsAtlanticandHarperspieces are as much a climax to the Muir-Pinchot story as Hetch Hetchy. There are many places to stop and enjoy views of the rushing water before turning around to return to your car. "Prohibition Law" declared it illegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the United States. What were the different progressive opinions regarding immigration? They suggest that draining the reservoir and turning Hetch Hetchy Valley into a tourist center similar to Yosemite Valley could be worth up to $178 million per year. Her influence helped spark the settlement house Taft investigated the charges and decided they were groundless. The Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government power over the money supply. Early twentieth-century clubs turned from cultural to social betterment. Complete ruin of the national economy was averted when J.P. Morgan stepped in to meet the crisis. This, a system joining preservation with conservation, was the result of his alliance with Pinchot. Most reformers agreed that the growing immigrant population had created social problems. Dam the Hetch Hetchy! o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. He exerted firm control over his cabinet and delegated real authority only to those whose loyalty to In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. the double-declining-balance method is an accelerated method of depreciation. There are four fundamental ways in which dams damage rivers. It became a powerful movement within American Protestantism. What impact did the organization have on race relations? Had it been, the Sierra Clubs members would have presented a united front in opposition to its development. His popularity continued to increase and many felt he would go against tradition and run for a third term. o Opponents called them the "Wobblies". He supported the Keating-Owen Act, which was the first federal law regulating child labor. Roosevelt's conservation deal meant working with the big logging companies, not the small, independent ones. . Even a short stroll from the car gives a magnificent view of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir from the OShaughnessy Dam. But if you still have energy, continue past the bridge to Rancheria Falls. Sheep roamed across these unclaimed lands, clearing grass for miles. o Led by Eugene Debs Once again, the political pendulum would swing. Albright, along with Stephen Mather, became instrumental players in the creation of a national park system three years after Congress decided the issue of Hetch Hetchy. Over the next decade, he produced fifteen large oils that transformed the valley into a dreamland unlike anything that ever met mortal eye.. Du Bois towards race relations? This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. What was the IWW? Although Hetch Hetchy is included within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park, the entrance is separate from the rest of the park. First, they block rivers which prevents fish from migrating. As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. For Muir, damming Hetch Hetchy was a blasphemy. The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. Why did some progressives oppose business? Preservationist groups such as the Sierra Club lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision. Belief in the influence of the environment on individual development. 1920, suffragists won ratification of the Nineteenth Amendmentguaranteed political rights to women throughout the nation. At the time, suffrage seemed a radical demand. The chief began packing up and, when Nate asked him why, he replied, The valley is yours now., Far below them, the river cascaded into a peaceful valley floor, a heavenly setting similar to that of the main Yosemite Valley. o Referendum: provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the But the Hetch Hetchy Valley was within the confines of Yosemite National Park. What part should mountains, rivers, natural meadows or wild creatures play in American life? causing much controversy. But it was later struck down by the court. As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. Suffragists argued that suffrage would make important contributions to politics because of women's If the nation set aside some natural places as especially sacred, how far beyond their borders should a sense of the sacred extend? Roosevelt was not a self proclaimed trustbuster, but he did make a few efforts to break up combinations. Du Bois: had never known slavery. If you delight in getting off the well-beaten path, or if you are looking for a peaceful natural retreat, its perfection. At a series of book talks, supported by Humanities Montana, Clayton has found that these conflicts still resonate deeply with audiences. Was everyone satisfied with the amendment? In national parks, preservation reigns king, the natural world kept, as best it can be, in its natural state. The Freeman Report artfully depicted reservoirs in Norway, the United Kingdom and the eastern United States showing how nature and public utility worked together to improve their surroundings and provide long-term benefits for everyone. Morgan not used to being told "no". He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. John Muir stands with President Theodore Roosevelt on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in 1903. There is a third concept, too, though it was little understood at the time. o For the next three year, a state commission studied the background of the fire and the general Why? The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. "Progressive" Amendments: 17th Amendment, 18th Amendment, 19th . It pitted Gifford Pinchot, America's first forester, against John Muir, America's legendary conservationist. What professions were considered "suitable" for women? The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. For Muir, nature was God, best preserved far from the degrading touch of man. But how did the dam get to be here? As the battle lines were drawn, the different methods employed by each side in presenting their case spoke to some of their basic assumptions about the nature of the issue. The trail continues to climb for 1.8 miles (2.8 km) above the trail intersection, but you can turn around any time. Before they could break ground at the OShaughnessy Dam, more infrastructure was required. What was the panic of 1907? A full breakfast is served in the dining room. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13 Additional Resources in the Library of Congress The Library of Congress's General Collections include many materials related to the Hetch Hetchy controversy: books, pamphlets, and government documents. APUSH Practice Exam #1 - Medium Monroe went on to lobby members of Congress as the battle moved to Washington D.C. She was a tireless advocate who believed that people needed to be educated in order to do what was best for everyone involved. . Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. If youre excited about a long hike or backpacking trip, you can continue to Laurel Lake for a 14.2-mile (22.9 km) out and back. What were the differing viewpoints of socialists regarding the economy? (Source: American Rivers, How Dams Damage Rivers). Where did Roosevelt and Taft gain support for becoming the Republican presidential candidate? On a national stage, Hetch Hetchy became caught in the cross fire between the interests of private utilities ownership and those of municipal ownership. Should natural resources be used to serve the greatest good for the greatest number? demands of the groups. Instead, the magnificence of a valley often described as Yosemite Valleys slightly smaller twin takes center stage. APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary Flashcards What impact did Roosevelt have on American conservation? You can expect one (short) email per week. Helped turn his state into what reformers across the nation called the "laboratory of progressivism". In 1908, Theodore Roosevelts Department of the Interior granted San Francisco the authority to dam the Tuolumne River in Hetch Hetchy Valley for use as a reservoir. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Jane Addams was an important social worker. As a 13.4-mile (21.4 km) round-trip hike, Rancheria Falls gets fewer day-hikers than Wapama Falls but is a popular backpacking stop. Opposition was led by John Muir and the Sierra Club. RELATED: Meet The Real Life Batman & Robin Of The National Parks. They felt government must regulate competition to ensure that large combinations did not emerge. They formed an alliance around the belief that natural places like Lake McDonald were important enough for the federal government to permanently ownand manage.
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