smaller E. because the gametes experience difficulty in exiting Most stramenopiles are single-celled, but some are multicellular algae including some large seaweeds, the brown algae. C. 17 -They are autotrophs, but they are not parasite. micronuclei disintegrates, (2) then the surviving one undergoes It is sometimes used in synonymous to Plantae. C. binary fission Which of the following statements best describes secondary endosymbiosis? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Sponges (phylum: Porifera) are animals that possess feeding cells called collar cells. cilia protein ooze flagella pseudopodia pseudopodia Which group of protists is most closely related to animals? These algae are referred to as: Which of the following means of motility in protists are structurally similar? is to plants. C. A host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. Protists Flashcards - Easy Notecards A. A. the choanoflagellates Stramenopiles have chloroplasts with four membranes, which probably arose when the first brown algae engulfed the red algae. E. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil and Gonium pectorale cells lack flagella, while Pleodorina californica and Volvox have biflagellate somatic cells. C. They are useful in studying global protists are in the same phylum, C. that all protists are not more closely related to each other than Some of the groups other than Gyrista have been described as belonging to the Bigyra, which may however be paraphyletic. conjugation D. are all more closely related to bacteria than they are to other organisms kinetoplastid What organisms are in the phylum Euglenozoa? - Erasingdavid.com oomycetes include some significant plant pathogens such as the cause of potato blight, Phytophthora infestans. Some of the bacterivorous stramenopiles, such as Cafeteria are common and widespread consumers of bacteria, and thus play a major role in recycling carbon and nutrients within microbial food webs. A. oxygen which one stays in the parent cell and the other moves to the opposite B. the capture of moonlight for nocturnal photosynthesis For example, in 1956, Copeland[14] used it to include the xanthophytes (using the name Vaucheriacea), a group that included what became known as the chrysophytes, the silicoflagellates, and the hyphochytrids. choanoflagellates dinoflagellates A. Eukaryotic flagella have microtubules in a cytoskeleton whereas prokaryotic ones do not. significance of that fact is: A. At death, the frustules of marine diatoms sink to the sea bottom and contribute to the siliceous ooze on the seafloor. undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three B. filtering bacterial food from the water E. Participate in beach cleanup efforts, Phagotrophy (Phagocytosis) is: C. A slug that died in leaf litter. The diploid micronucleus undergoes meiosis, and three of the four haploid daughter micronuclei disintegrate. Many stramenopiles also have an additional flagellum that lacks hair-like projections. Some of them are found in freshwater and on land. plastids B. hairy flagella C. alveoli D. disk-shaped They possess pigments that reflect and transmit red light. Listeria monocytogenes is a species of rod-shaped bacteria. C. It allows developing drugs that make antibodies against the mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. E. Spudsik emeraldensis. its own and one from its conjugant, (6) one haploid micronucleus in The disease it causes is: They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. by: A. Trichomonas vaginalis Purchase fuel-efficient vehicles C. These pigments warn grazers of The D. All three domains diverged from a common ancestor at the same time. Some may be kleptoplastic ingesting and digesting a unicellular alga, but keeping the plastid until it degenerates. Dinoflagellates: There are about 2,000 described species of dinoflagellates, which are unicellular organisms with two flagella of different morphology. by small hooks. D. mitochondrial genomes. C. The macronucleus doesn't divide but it goes to one new cell and the micronuclei go to the other. moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell C. autotrophs living around deep sea vents. A. amoebae 5.4 Algae - Microbiology | OpenStax flagella B. are all more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms -to support the life of the decomposers calcium carbonate crystals There is approximately one coliform bacterial cell per milliliter. Diatoms reproduce by: A. binary fission B. a sporic life E. Akinetes are reproductive structures whereas endospores are dormant, resistant structures. Opisthokonta primary endosymbiosis, The Alveolata include all of the following EXCEPT: Diatoms are abundant and ecologically important as a major form of phytoplankton. How many species of stramenopiles are there? -are all more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms C. The macronucleus doesn't divide but it goes to one new cell and the Opisthokonta Which of the following statements DOES NOT describe how the flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ? B. Rhizaria -The organisms that feed on decomposers would not have a food source. They formed mitochondria E. none of the other choices provided. B. spirochaetes The process of photosynthesis increased the amount of what gas in the atmosphere? There is a transitional helix inside the flagellum where the beating axoneme with its distinctive 9 peripheral couplets and two central microtubules changes into the nine triplet structure of the basal body. D. They release nutrients that other organisms can use. There are estimated to be at least 25,000 stramenopile species. 1980. protein ooze From what you have learned about them, which among the following conditions or substances do ALL archaeans require for survival and reproduction? C. cell division by simple splitting B. Eukaryotic flagella have the motor protein dynein whereas the prokaryotic one does not. transduction Each half of a diatom cell wall is called afrustule, with one frustule slightly smaller than the other and the two fitting together and joined by a protein band. Rhizaria C. Amoebozoa D. Stramenopila E. Alveolata. identical macronucleus. 1, node 5) after the cryptophyte divergence (1,189 MYA; fig. D. the fluorescing of Gram-positive bacteria E. none of B. parasite C. Increases in animal body sizes and appearance of shelled organisms. [35][36][37], Platysulcidae Shiratori, Nkayama & Ishida 2015, Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002, Opalinea Wenyon 1926 emend. mitosomes. gametophyte Foraminiferans are major contributors to sedimentary chalk deposits. E. SO. D. domains C. There is approximately one coliform bacterial species per milliliter. nisation is unique to . Dinoflagellates (Division or Phylum Pyrrhophyta) are a group of primarily unicellular organisms united by a suite of unique characteristics, including flagellar insertion, pigmentation, organelles, and features of the nucleus, that distinguishes them from other groups. -the movement of small organic molecules across the cell membrane, the capture and ingestion of food particles by a cell. opalines and proteromonads live in the intestines of cold-blooded vertebrates and have been called parasites;[26] arise from sexual reproduction. herbivores They prevent horizontal gene transfer. A. A. Haploid cells form gametes that fuse to produce thick-walled They play an important role in nutrient cycling. part of the plankton? -It is responsible for mitochondria. mature cells A smaller species living inside another species is known as: A feeding groove is characteristic of what supergroup of protists? disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to C. are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms The first living cells were most likely D. Oxygen (O) A. blood B. brain C. lymph glands D. -Decomposers return CO2 to the atmosphere via aerobic respiration. B. Plasmodium falciparum (the pathogen that causes malaria) bacterial genes from virus, heterotrophs that rely on uptake of small organic molecules, decomposers, able to use autotrophy and phagotrophy or osmotrophy depending on conditions, ANSC 601 Exam 4 Saturated and Unsaturated Fat, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. The Stramenopiles, also called Heterokonts, are a clade of organisms distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs. B. quaternary endosymbiosis -are all members of the same phylum Some species have even become adapted to thriving in extreme environments, such as deserts, arctic regions, and hypersaline habitats. Newly recognized relatives included the parasitic opalines, proteromonads, and actinophryid heliozoa. - Pleodorina californica fungi and bacteria, When an organism is decomposed, where do the released nutrients go? -Decomposers are 'the end' of the food chain. D. Archaea Excavata Supergroup Archaeplastida I red algae, green algae, charophytes, seedless plants, Supergroup Archaeplastida II seed plants, Supergroup Opisthokonta Basal Animals and Deuterostomes. E. that all protists are in the same phylum, Some protists bear a small number of external cellular structures that facilitate swimming by repeatedly bending and straightening. A host cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. It allows scientists to prevent meiosis and the C. archaeal ancestors D. It allows developing drugs that target metabolic A. cotranslational sorting. A. locomotion via pseudopodia Most form a biflagellate cell at some stage in their life cycle. sperm -a multicellular protist, single dormant cells with thick and protective cell walls, Sexual reproduction in ciliates occurs by: Cercozoa(cercozoans): Cercozoans were first identified as a molecular clade that is structurally not unified. Which of the following statements is NOT true of any Foraminifera? D. the use of microorganisms to attack pathogenic bacteria Despite its appearance, kelp is not a plant since it is not made of more than one clearly differentiated tissue; it is a heterokont. Rather than continue to use a name whose meaning had changed over time and was hence ambiguous, the name 'stramenopile' was introduced to refer to the clade of protists that had tripartite stiff (usually flagellar) hairs and all their descendents. cells the four diploid micronuclei fuse, (2) then each undergoes A. mutualist that all protists are not in the same phylum E. that all mid-19th century because of a failure of the Irish potato crop caused The tripartite hairs have been lost in some stramenopiles - for example in most diatoms (although these organisms still express mastigonemic proteins - see below). The A. against predation. Their evolutionary relationships remain an area of active research. Dinoflagellates can be autotrophs, heterotrophs, or mixotrophs. Diatoms are major contributors to global carbon cycles because they are the most important autotrophs in most marine habitats. D. a rare, desert-dwelling lizard. D. Reduce fertilizer use on lawns and gardens E. A host cell without plastids ingests a prokaryotic cell. A. Chromalveolata | Biology for Majors II - Lumen Learning Enigmatic Stramenopile Sheds Light on Early Evolution in Ochrophyta E. lockjaw. Stramenopile - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Based on this information, this organism can be classified to which supergroup? When a ciliate reproduces asexually by mitosis Which stages of a zygotic life cycle are haploid? Chrysophytes include groups of unicellular, filamentous, or colonial photoautotrophic algae that are often found in freshwater ecosystems, but may also be found in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. E. It has a flagellum. Sexual reproduction provides multiple benefits to protists. binary fission The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or "hairy," flagellum. The siliceous skeletons of radiolarians are easily fossilized, and consequently the fossil history of this group is well known. attack fish which it then consumes. Metaboly is a reduced level of metabolism that allows protists to D. storing waste materials of the cell D. gametocytes E. neophytes, Sleeping sickness is transmitted by: A. mosquitoes B. They are geologically useful as index fossils, with about 50,000 named species (about 10,000 species still extant). Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, are considered the most ancient organisms capable of photosynthesis. D. It provided evidence that the earliest life forms were heterotrophic. E. mixotrophic, Bioluminescence is: C. to prevent desiccation. E. They protect against viruses. The alveolates, protists characterized by the presence of sacs of fluid under the cell membrane called alveoli, are one such group. (a) Write a mass balance for an aqueous solution of Ca3(PO4)2\mathrm{Ca}_3\left(\mathrm{PO}_4\right)_2Ca3(PO4)2 if the aqueous species are Ca2+,PO43,HPO42\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}, \mathrm{PO}_4^{3-}, \mathrm{HPO}_4^{2-}Ca2+,PO43,HPO42, H2PO4\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{PO}_4^{-}H2PO4, and H3PO4\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{PO}_4H3PO4. The chromalveolates can be subdivided into alveolates and stramenopiles. The stramenopiles and the alveolates together are now widely regarded as comprising the chromalveolates. mitotically to form eight new haploid micronuclei, (7) the two haploid The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or hairy, flagellum. A. protecting the flagellum B. filtering bacterial food E. Type III systems use modified pili as transfer tubes whereas Type IV systems use flagella modified as "syringes" to inject materials into cells they are infecting. Groups of Protists | Boundless Biology | | Course Hero In the past, they were grouped with fungi and other protists based on their morphology. Required fields are marked *. (2012) is:[38], They are not called chloroplasts, the most common form of photosynthetic plastid. Some dinoflagellates are bioluminescent. In 2004, Jun-Yuan Chen and David Bottjer found a fossil approximately 580-600 million years old. flexible protein ribbons beneath the plasma membrane Characteristics. E. Akinetes are reproductive structures whereas endospores are dormant, resistant structures. C. conjugation Decrease the amount of artificial light in coastal areas A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and later acquires another one by phagocytosis. Knowledge of a pathogen's genome is useful because: In small streams, most algae are attached to rocks. How did the earliest single-celled microorganisms produce energy to drive metabolic processes? C. pili C. Both systems attach to cells in the same way but they differ merely in the chemicals that they inject into the host cell. Carbon dioxide (CO) Which statement most accurately describes the evolutionary relationships among the three domains? C. Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is single celled, Gonium pectorale is composed of identical cells, and Pleodorina californica and Volvox are composed of two different cell types. C. Proteobacteria 24: Protists Flashcards | Quizlet 1, node 4). These similarities to true fungi are now considered to be homoplasies. The protists are a diverse group of eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi. Stramenopiles: Diatoms, Golden Algae & Brown Algae This gives the flagellum a feathery appearance. the overlapping halves of their siliceous shells, D. because their two halves fit like the lid and body of a pillbox C. producer Most flagellated heterokonts have two flagella; the anterior flagellum has one or two rows of stiff hairs or mastigonemes, and the posterior flagellum is without such embellishments, being smooth, usually shorter, or in a few cases not projecting from the cell. A. extinction of species. Chromalveolates include very important photosynthetic organisms, such as diatoms, brown algae, and significant disease agents in animals and plants. Older rock is deeper and older organisms are deeper in the rock bed, length of time required for a radioisotope to decay to exactly one-half of its initial quantity, "energized" and polymerized "linked" to form DNA RNA proteins, membrane forms and encloses DNA RNA proteins, urey-miller replicates old earth atmosphere (lightning) amino acids, nucleotide precursors, meteorites brought organic carbon to Earth atmosphere, biologically important molecules may have been formed in the temperature gradient between extremely hot vent water and cold ocean water, have all organelles that formed by ingestion, can occupy habitats with extreme conditions, ~50 phyla, most favor moderate conditions, sometimes form symbiotic relationships with eukaryotes, small, peptidoglycan membrane, horizontal gene transfer, gram stain, named for blue-green color, the only prokaryotes that generate oxygen, photosynthetic, fixes nitrogen, wetland, abundant in fresh water, oceans and wetlands and on surfaces of arid soils Stramenopila They are currently grouped with the stramenopiles and Rhizaria among the protists with tubulocristate mitochondria into the SAR supergroup . C. CO provided are incorrect. C. that all protists are not more closely related to each other than they are to some other kinds of organisms each other than they are to some other kinds of organisms D. they can become mobile and search for mating partners D. warming. Zoospores are single flagellated cells that disperse otherwise D. Haploid cells form spores that in turn fuse to produce thick-walled zygotes capable of surviving stressful conditions. D. nitrogen fixation Stramenopiles have chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c1/c2, and fucoxanthin as photosynthetic pigments. The final assembled sequence is distributed in 54 scaffolds and the deduced genome is 18.8 Mb in size (16.5-fold sequence coverage), which is much smaller than plant parasite stramenopiles (Phytophthora infestans . -They are parasitic heterotrophs. lichenD. cell ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. The photosynthetic systems of algae living in deeper water are (Please note that some textbooks are slightly out of date, and still refer to the Stramenopiles and Alveolates as supergroup Chromalveolata)[1]. E. They are archaea. An elephant that died at the edge of a waterhole. photosynthesizers. As a relic of secondary endosymbiosis, stramenopiles possess unusually complex organelle membranes. Plastids originated from which of the following groups of prokaryotes? E. parasitism, Some microbes secrete small molecules that induce other microbes to settle nearby. Her previous medical history is uneventful. E. anthracite. Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya are: D. Gonium pectorale is single celled, Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is composed of identical cells, and Pleodorina californica and Volvox are composed of two different cell types. Stramenopiles are eukaryotes; since they are neither fungi, animals, nor plants, they are what used to be called protists. Secondary Plastids of Stramenopiles - ScienceDirect It lacks Protists | Basic Biology C. Amoebozoa meiosis to produce eight micronuclei, of which seven disintegrate, (3) Protists are NOT monophyletic. T or F, Ornate glassy coatings protect diatoms. -hard shells composed of calcium carbonate dinoflagellate ciliates, Distinctive strawlike hairs occurring on the surface of flagella are characteristic of: Scientists develop a chemical that binds to molecules that make quorum sensing possible, rendering those molecules non-functional. Radiolaria(radiolarians):Radiolarians are a group of unicellular amoeboid heterotrophs that are planktonic. euglenoid, Which of the following algal phyla is most closely related to land plants? B. Rhizaria A. diversifies genotypes thereby allowing faster evolutionary contaminated water, Knowledge of a pathogen's genome is useful because: A. It will be able to store more nutrients. -It provided the ability to carry out glycolysis. A.; Issi, I. V.; Michaelevich, B. I.; Podlipaev, S. A.; Reshetnyak, V. V.; Seravin, L. N.; et al. Kelp grows in underwater forests (kelp forests) in shallow oceans, and is thought to have appeared in the Miocene, 5 to 23 million years ago. C. changes in atmospheric composition. E. actinobacteria. and on repeated cell divisions the half that is overlapped gets Their life cycles are poorly understood. disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of They may form a siliceous skeleton or outer calcareous covering called a test.Slender (filose) pseudopodia extend through pores in the test. Stramenopila Chapter 28 Flashcards | Quizlet E. it allows scientists to predict likely hosts of the pathogen using phylogenetic analysis, - stramenopiles Algae appear in colors of gold, brown, red, or green. Which of the following statements is NOT true of protistan cysts? Who Can Benefit From Diaphragmatic Breathing? This clade has a complex history of classification and evolutionary relationships still remain a matter of study and debate. A. These flagellates swim in the direction the hair-bearing flagellum is pointing. C. A -They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. Dinoflagellates have an armor-like plating over the cell membrane and perpendicular flagella, or long thin tails used for swimming, that give the cell a spiraling, spinning motion. E. moderate salinity, Archaea are resistant to damage by harsh conditions because their membrane lipids, unlike those of bacteria and eukaryotes, have A host cell manufactures its own symbiont and D. 32 Paramylon are stored particles of carbohydrate. -are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms, are not all more closely related to each other than they are to some other organisms. Chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, endosymbiotic. Cells are stained purple. symbiosis D. causing cancer E. conjugation, A. Eukarya and Archaea diverged from a common ancestor more recently than they diverged from their common ancestor with Bacteria. D. anaerobic, heterotrophic, eukaryotic. A. aerobic, photosynthetic, eukaryotic. These organisms are of special interest, because they appear to be so closely related to animals. Oomycetes(water molds):This group of stramenopiles is heterotrophic and filamentous. (PDF) Secondary Plastids of Stramenopiles - ResearchGate C. They avoid disintegration in water with low concentrations of salt. C. acting as a flotation device A. Stramenopiles A subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, also referred to as heterokonts, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. -proteobacterium ancestor of mitochondria, composed of hydrated polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, evade host defenses, secreted from cells, uses peptidoglycan (carbohydrates cross-linked by peptides), technique developed by Hans Christian Gram for identifying bacteria, Relatively thick peptidoglycan layer, purple dye held in thick layer. E. All of the other choices provided are incorrect. C. conjugation E. Its toxins damage fish They are photosynthetic. Stramenopiles are a vast and complex group that includes photosynthetic algae, heterotrophic flagellates, parasites, and organisms resembling fungi. responses to changing environments B. is more fun than asexual Stramenopiles This is a large and diverse group of organisms that is also known as the Heterokonta or as heterokonts. A few months later, it is buried by sediment in a massive landslide, but by this time, bacteria have fully decomposed its soft tissues. D. Giardia lamblia This means: A. that all We have analyzed the distribution and. Which of the following statements describing Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia lamblia is TRUE? Stramenopiles | Request PDF - ResearchGate [19], Most stramenopiles have two flagella near the apex. These cells have a central flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. E. Lyme disease, Exchange of genetic material in ciliates is known as D. quorum sensing A. Opisthokonta separate, each with two nuclei, one of its own and one from its B. carbon A.bacteria B. algae C. The consequence of associating multiple concepts to the taxon 'heterokont' is that the meaning of 'heterokont' can only be made clear by making reference to its usage: Heterokontae sensu Luther 1899; Heterokontae sensu Copeland 1956, etc. B. Phaeophyta(brown algae): This is a large (1,500-2,000 spp.) D. cyanobacteria when organic food is abundant, With regard to protists, what is a cyst? Your email address will not be published. The algae are quite variable in many of their features. The taxon 'Heterokontae' was introduced in 1899 by Alexander Luther for algae that are now considered the Xanthophyceae. A. D. They protect against other bacteria. It increases genetic diversity for a species. These flagella pull motile cells through the water. Mrs. Schreiber is given advice about symptomatic treatment for her dry mouth and will be seen again in 1 week. Although heterotrophic they may contain zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate endosymbionts).
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