The losses of the volunteers can not be known. Surgery options include: Treatment of bow legs depends on the cause of the condition. 19th-century Seminole chief and military leader, This article is about the Seminole chief of the 2nd and 3rd Seminole Wars (there was a different Bowlegs in the 1st Seminole War). Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. The premise for the book is based . When Billy Bowlegs III died on February 13, 1965, he was nearly 103 years old. This fort is reported to have hidden tunnels that lead underneath the fort. Holata Micco, commonly called Billy Bowlegs, and known as the Alligator chief, was a Seminole leader who fought in the Second (18351842) and Third Seminole wars (18551858) against the U.S. government. It is said that Bowleg buried huge amounts of his treasure on the islands around this area, and others report he buried chests in a small river somewhere near the Bay. Now he boasted that he had killed a hundred white men in a day; then he thanked his white brothers for their "much friendship," and swore that he would never leave them as long as they gave him as much punch as he wanted. Bowlegs Heritage: Son of Andrew and Mandi Gosnell, Honor Guard 60; and grandson of Jim and Jo Brechin, Honor Guard 36. William Augustus Bowles (1763-1805), also known as Estajoca, was a Maryland soldier and adventurer. There he eventually died of small pox. *November is Native American history month, and the birth of Chief Billy Bowlegs in c. 1810 is celebrated on this date. However, bow legs usually dont cause any pain. Bowlegs and his war-weary band surrendered on May 7, 1858. Charley-e-Mathla, a leading chief, had begun to dispose of his cattle. (May 1, 2023). Your childs healthcare provider will continue to track your childs condition. He was the son of a Seminole father and a Black Seminole mother. A week's confinement gave him time to recollect himself. Ben Bruno, the interpreter, adviser, confidant, and special favorite of King Billy, is a fine, intelligent looking negro. It is true, then, that King Billy did me the honor to propose an alliance between myself and his eldest daughter. For a week he was our Lion-in-Chief. (A story that he had bowlegs from riding horses is unsubstantiated.). After the capture (under a flag of truce offered by Gen. Thomas Jesup) and subsequent death of Osceola[4] and the death of Micanopy, amidst the loss of other prominent Seminole chiefs, Bowlegs and his band of 200 warriors became some of the most prominent fighters surviving at the time hostilities ended on 14 August 1842. The southernized white civic elite then rewrote the areas history, nearly erasing its multicultural past. Nothing was farther from the intention of Oseola than to fulfill his agreement to emigrate. Lowering longboats full of British marines to complete the chase caused Billy Bowlegs to scuttle his treasure-laden ship and run into the forest to hide. Interesting Facts: Attends Eglin Elementary School, enjoys reading and. Interesting Facts about the Seminole Tribe Some stories state Bowleg found these tunnels and used them to bury his treasure. Our Government recognizes no such title in the Indians. Thompson refused to sell these. 2011, Selected portions of this article appear in the "The Official History of the Billy Bowlegs Pirate Festival," published in 2014 for the 60th Annual Billy Bowlegs Festival. Gulf Coast pirate who operated for almost 30 years and amassed a huge fortune in gold, silver, and jewels was William Billy Bowlegs Rogers. All of them were members of the Seminole indigenous group native to Florida, and all played important historical roles. After the Second Seminole war, Bowlegs refused to move to Indian Territory and was given a small parcel of land in the Everglades. The landmarks in his directions, however, had changed during his time in the cabin, and the treasure was never found. White Americans grew increasingly frustrated over Floridas status as a refuge for fugitive slaves, who established a community in the Tampa Bay area and began trading with Cuba. These include: The main sign of bowed legs is the appearance of your childs legs. The Florida Historical Quarterly, 45(3), 219242. Treatment may include special shoes, splints, braces, casts, surgery or treatment of the condition causing the bow legs. Then it was reported that our new President, Buchanan, reversing the policy of the farmer who "found a rude boy in his appletree," after exhausting the force of grass, tried what virtue there was in stones, had resolved to try what effect fair words, money, and whisky would have in inducing the indomitable Billy to leave his Florida home. But I have thrown away my rifle and taken the hand of the white man, and said to him. This is a censorious world, very loath to believe in disinterested attachments of any sort. Start at any of the participating locations to get your card. Some historical sources erred in conflating Holato Micco and the later Sonuk Mikko, who both were called Billy Bowlegs. One Image Media Group. 3301 N University Dr Suite 420, Coral Springs, FL 33065, The Legendary Billy Bowlegs Buried Pirate Treasure. If a Seminole wishes to convey a high idea of his own cunning, he will say, "Ah, you no cheat me. Learn more about the mythic conflict between the Argives and the Trojans. If your childs legs havent straightened by 2 years old, there may be another reason. (May 1, 2023). [intr.] Personally, I think this story is the more "politically-correct" version . But you may be able to prevent certain conditions that are known to cause bowed legs. If bow legs continues beyond age 2, treatment options including splints, casts, braces and surgery may be used. This seven years' inglorious war had cost much blood and treasure. Infoplease is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. Against such a foe regular military operations were of no avail. I was overwhelmed with congratulations, pronounced a lucky fellow, and forced to "stand" cocktails and juleps without number. Unconquered People: Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Indians $ 19.95 Add to cart; History of the Second Seminole War . The Great Spirit, he said, had revealed to him that, if he would be happy in a future state, he must cause the death of a hundred Spaniards. Billy Bowlegs Pirate Festival Facts for Kids. He was a tribal historian in Florida . The annual Billy Bowlegs Pirate Festival is held in Fort Walton Beach, Florida. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The delegation visited the country, made their marks to a paper expressing themselves satisfied with it, and agreed that their nation should commence their removal as soon as satisfactory arrangements could be made. Billy Bowlegs led the Seminole Tribe through the last days of the Seminole struggle against removal. Rogers and his group of pirates stole from Spanish ships that frequented the . His father's name was Secoffee, while it is thought that the chief Micanopy was his uncle. As your baby starts walking, their legs should start to straighten out. "I am leaving Florida," he said; "it was my home; I loved it; to leave it is like burying my wife and child. In a short time all the Indians amalgamated, and joined in efforts to resist the white menthe common foe of all. How he succeeded no one knows better than your correspondent, who had special reasons for keeping his company, which turned out to be far from creditable. Hispanics, allowed to remain in the Tampa Bay area, maintained and even strengthened its Caribbean connection. Before his death, Bowlegs is reported to have given directions to a friend on how to find the treasure. At some point he ran afoul of Seminole leader, Sam Jones, and he fled to Key West and spent time there living among the white settlers. It afterward appeared that they had solemnly resolved that any one who prepared to remove should die. A historical marker honors Billie Bowlegs III, also known as Chufi Hajo, near Moore Haven. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. "Betsey," he said, "good squawnever marriedyou have hercome with meI make you great chiefnext after me." Billy's young wife, who has no name, as far as I could learn, is a quiet, modest squaw, though her features bear a striking resemblance to those of her rakish brother, Long Jack. The enterprising proprietor of our Museum invited him to visit his establishment, announced his acceptance, and reaped a golden harvest in consequence. It is due to all parties that the matter should be properly represented. In the mid-1950s, he performed traditional dances at the Florida Folk Festival in Union County, on the Suwannee River. It was reported that I was to be the happy man. There has only been $32,000 of the Ashley Gang's loot recovered, and the rest is believed to be buried somewhere in the Florida Everglades. According to the Fort Walton Beach Chamber of Commerce, the patron "Billy Bowlegs" is a legendary pirate whose name was William Augustus Bowles, a "pirate of controversial authenticity whose alleged dastardly deeds were widespread throughout the area.". The book, "Bowlegs Town," revolves around the adventures of two young boys, Billy Bowlegs and Tink, who grew up together as pledged blood brothers until the time came for them to part ways. They initially refused but later that year, the band of 123 agreed to relocation. Billy Bowlegs is a direct descendant of the founder of the Seminole nation. Babies often are born bow legged because of the cramped quarters they were in while in the uterus. He was a navy ensign by age 15. With the formation of the United States, the Tampa Bay area soon became a borderland caught between competing cultural hearthsAmerican and Caribbean. I only wish it was appended to an I O U for a few thousands. Bow legs also can occur in older children. Rather, theyll want to watch the bowing and make sure it resolves on its own as your child grows. The regular troops engaged had averaged something more than three thousand men during the whole period. He abused the agent, defied the power of the Government, and was put into irons. Billy Bowlegs has managed to win 3 races in its career so far. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. "It is the blood of the red men," he said, as he flung it away. History claims, Bowlegs stored hundreds of thousands worth of silver and gold on his personal schooner and set about hiding a large amount of this treasure on a sandy island off the northern Gulf Coast. Colonel Harney was sent to establish a trading-post for their convenience. Bowlegs was born into a family of hereditary chiefs descended from Cowkeeper of the Oconee tribe of the Seminole in the village of Cuscowilla on the Alachua savannah (present-day Payne's Prairie, near Micanopy, Florida). The men, suddenly aroused from sleep, made no resistance. After the capture (under a flag of truce offered by Gen. Thomas Jesup) and subsequent death of Osceola and the death of Micanopy, amidst the loss of other prominent Seminole . When the news reached us, a fortnight ago, that Billy was actually taken, and, on the way to his new home in Arkansas, would honor our city with a brief visit, I felt that it was my duty to "take" him in another way, so that his royal features might be handed down to posterity in the pages of Harper's Weekly. The leader of the Seminole tribe in the mid 1800s, Chief Billy Bowlegs led the Third Seminole War against the white settlers infringing . hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(20342342, 'a2273a27-f20b-4bf0-b06f-426327f9e25e', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Learn about one of the world's oldest and most popular religions. Medical name: genu varum. This article examines the social structures on board pirate vessels that operated in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea throughout this period of change. In particular, the revolutions that swept across the Americas contributed to the rise of nautical crime in the form of piracy. He was waylaid and shot down. Still, year by year something was gained. The Indians resolved to negotiate, gain time to place their wives and children in safety, secure their crops, and lay in ammunition, but in no case to leave the country. When Florida was re-ceded to the Spaniards, in 1784, he took the field against them. At last, under date of May 8, 1858, came "General Orders, No. Floridas Amerindians, then known collectively as Seminoles, began harboring these fugitives and incorporating them into their society. Bowlegs and his band lived in relative peace until 1855. The Willsons helped gain approval in 1913 by the Florida state . No longer interested in finding his gold and silver, Bowlegs built a cabin on the mainland and lived until the age of 93 watching his sunken treasure but never being able to spend it. This paper traces the origins of the Billy Bowlegs Pirate Festival and how the historical person William Augustus Bowles eventually became part of the community celebration. Learn more about the world with our collection of regional and country maps. It was a hard week's work; but perseverance conquers all things, and I send youwith my little bill annexedthe result of my efforts, in the shape of the portraits of his Majesty of the Everglades, his two brothers-in-law, his young wife, and last, but not least, his "guide, philosopher, and friend," the negro slave Ben Bruno. cscl star vessel flag autism and narcissism differences. Although physically part of North America, peninsular Florida extends southward into the Caribbean. Theres no way to prevent your baby from getting bowed legs. Your childs healthcare provider will monitor your childs condition as they continue to grow. He wears his native costume; the two medals upon his breast, of which he is not a little proud, bear the likenesses of Presidents Van Buren and Fillmore. Billy Bowlegs: Billy Fewell, Sonuk Mikko, and Holata Micco, along with possibly one other man, are all known as Billy Bowlegs. The story states, Caesar used the island to hide his treasure as well as along the Southeast Florida coast. Locations that match Bowleg's directions to the cache of coins range from the area on the Perdido River in Alabama to an area around Franklin County. Yet, in this study, piracy in these trade routes is not perceived as just a criminal activity, but a paramilitary tool used by European states in a rivalry for control over the Atlantic trade routes. The coins aren't hidden, they are in plain view. The negroes were the master spirits, as well as the immediate occasion, of the Florida war. With all the coastline in Florida, this area has lots of pirate stories and hidden caches. This was the famous "Treaty of Payne's Landing," made on the 9th of May, 1832. The City of Fort Walton Beach, in partnership with the Downtown Merchants and the Krewe of Bowlegs, are gearing up for the 66th Annual Billy Bowlegs Pirate Festival. Fort Walton Beach, FL current weather. Two men were killed and four others were wounded. Chief Billy Bowlegs. But if your child is under 2 years old, your childs healthcare provider probably wont do any further tests. Exploring Florida: A Social Studies Resource for Students and Teachers, Florida Center for Instructional Technology. No-Kush-Adjo, his Inspector General, and the brother of his "old wife," is as fine a young fellow as you would care to see. Along with other industries, commercial red snapper fishing in Pensacola underwent significant growth during this period and helped shape the port citys new importance as a cosmopolitan, southern economic center. The surprise was complete. William Augustus Bowles. President Tyler, in his Message of May 10, 1842, had said that "the further pursuit of these miserable beings by a large military force seems to be as injudicious as it is unavailing. Billy Bowlegs is a thoroughbred horse born in South Africa in 2019. He was formally deposed from the chieftainship, and Bowlegs was put in his place. His name of "Bowlegs" is a family appellation, and does not imply any parenthetical curvature of his lower limbs. Most often, children go on to lead normal, healthy lives. They shouldnt have any trouble walking, running or participating in any activity they want. Billy Bowlegs 1933 Goudey Indian Gum (R73) ARTICLES; PSA Set Registry: 1933 Goudey Indian Gum - A Coveted, Controversial and Complicated Non-Sports Issue; PRICES POP APR REGISTRY SHOP WITH AFFILIATES. Work Experience. Bow legs means the knees curve outward, leaving a wide space. If bow legs continue after age 2, treatment depends on the cause of the condition. From this time the influence of Bowlegs began to increase. The only course was to track them to their fastnesses, burn their villages, destroy their crops, and reduce them by starvation. [3] The surname "Bowlegs" may be an alternate spelling of Bolek, a preceding Seminole chief. Alas for our lion! The bowing is most obvious when theyre walking. Micanopy, old and inert, was little more than a tool in the hands of the bold and crafty halfbreed, Oseola, who, though not a chief himself, exerted a controlling influence. Check ourencyclopedia for a gloss on thousands of topics from biographies to the table of elements. In early 1858, Chief Wild Cat of the Western Seminole was brought back from Indian Territory to convince Bowlegs to relocate voluntarily. 5 . He died of illness (probably smallpox) in 1864, and was buried at Ft. Gibson in Indian Territory. This struggle, also known as the Billy Bowlegs War, was the final clash of an intermittent guerilla conflict between the Seminole Indians of Florida and the United States. Youll want to have these cases evaluated by a healthcare provider. Good luck, treasure hunters! Stops include Fokker's Pub, Salty Duck, Downtown Music Hall . At last, on the 14th of May, we learned that Billy Bowlegs had reached the Crescent City. Twice had they postponed their attack to await the return of Oseola, who was watching for his "friend" Thompson. He professed penitence, and promised to comply with the treaty. It would be announced that the " Florida war was ended;" the volunteers would be disbanded, and the regulars sent away from the unhealthy swamps. In his handkerchief was a sum of money, which he had received for his cattle. Scott and Taylor, he said, were "great men, and fought him mighty hard;" as for Harney, he had made him "run like hell.". Babies born bow legged usually grow out of the condition by the time they turn 18 months old. 4," from the "Head-quarters of the Department of Florida," announcing that the war was closed. Today, the park features a playground, basketball courts, a baseball field and a soccer field. With the possibilities of military victory dwindling and facing starvation, he finally agreed to relocate with his people to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in 1858. He was a tribal historian in Florida. . William had an extensive education and excelled in acting, music, art, chemistry, and many other fields. Diving for the sunken treasure did not go well, and soon another bout of fever attacked the group. But over three Seminole Wars with the natives, the tribes that most strongly clung to the area were driven out, by hook or crook, and the whole of Florida conquered for Southern whites who flooded in with their slaves. According to the United States Treasure Atlas, there have been a number of silver bars and bags of coins discovered on the island leading them to believe it is part of Billy Bowleg's buried pirate treasure. Warriors and non-warriors were offered less. I would advise any one who wishes to get into the good graces of Billy Bowlegs to pay special attention to Ben Bruno. Billy's Creek in Fort Myers, Florida is named after Bowlegs as this was the spot where he was forced to surrender in 1858. Although Bowlegs signed the Treaty of Payne's Landing of 1832, he refused to leave Florida. 2022 Billy Bowlegs Pirate Festival - Landing of Billy Bowlegs at Fort Walton Beach Landing. Similar to Mardi Gras, the festival consists of a parade, fireworks, and associated celebrations. Bow legs develop for a number of different reasons. He and his daughters became prominent land holders. His company, of thirty men, was encamped in an open barren near the Cooloosahatchee River. The couple described him in their book, The Seminole of Florida, 1896. Sonuk Mikko, aka Billy Bowlegs, gained fame as a captain in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Billy was known for his elaborate attire but was a simple man with a soft . Oseola, coming into the camp of General Hernandez, on pretense of treating, was made prisoner, sent to Fort Moultrie, where he died of a broken heart. Hand-colored woodcut He has a fine forehead, a keen, black eye; is somewhat above the medium height, and weighs about 160 pounds. Thanks to Carden and the camera, his royal features were transferred to the sensitive plate, and here you have them. Chief Billy Bowlegs by Karl Ferdinand Wimar, 1861 In early 1858, Chief Wild Cat of the Western Seminole was brought back from Indian Territory to convince Bowlegs to relocate voluntarily. Over the years, Billy Bowlegs accumulated a huge fortune. In 1821 Florida was ceded to the United States. So band after band had been broken up and sent to Arkansas. The Indians were estimated at about four thousand, men, women, and children, with eight hundred negro slaves. Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit . The most common cause of bow legs is a condition called physiologic genu varum. A journalist described the chief as having "two wives, one son, five daughters, and a hundred thousand dollars in hard cash." He had broken truce more than once, and had no right to complain of any want of faith. He wasn't well-noted at the beginning of the Second Seminole War (roughly, 1835 to 1842). Unlike Bowles, this Billy was short and unsightly, and supposedly so bowlegged he could straddle a barrel standing up straight-without touching it with his legs. Sign up for the weekly newsletter to stay up to date on the latest real estate market trends, loan news, and so much more! Porter, K. W. (1967). That's right, Our cunning captain is soliciting new KREWE, Obtain a Bowlegs coin and it could be you! If bowing continues despite other treatments, surgery may be needed to prevent further damage and correct the issue. If so, the provocation worked: Bowlegs led his warriors in sporadic attacks against settlers for the next few years, in what is known as the Third Seminole War. n. abnormal out-curving of the legs at the knees, resulting in a gap between the knees on standing. . Two companies, under Major Dade, had been dispatched from Fort Brooke to reinforce the garrison at Fort King. Emigrants began to pour in who demanded possession of the lands. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. They found plenty of prizes in their ventures until they ran into a British-Man-o-War. Long Jack, Billy's Lieutenant, and the brother of his young wife, is much less prepossessing. Some historians hav HATE YOU . 65.6 Clear. Some scholars delved into the economic, political, military, and legal aspects of Atlantic world privateering, piracy, and the Anglo-American naval response to it during the early nineteenth century. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. [7] Some historical sources erred in conflating Holato Micco and the later Sonuk Mikko, who both were called Billy Bowlegs.[8][9]. Generals Gaines, Clinch, Scott, Call, Jesup, Macomb, Taylor, Armistead, and Worth, were successively placed in command. 9.5 1 6 in: Related products. In 1862, in the year that Billy Bowlegs Fewell was born, on February 22nd, Jefferson Davis was inaugurated as President of the Confederate States of America. They were followed by other bands, and all received the name of Seminoles, or "Runaways." Meanwhile, we will be looking for some buried treasure in Florida. The US government offered Bowlegs $10,000 and each of his chiefs $1000 if they did so. 5. They were followed by other bands, and all received the name of Seminoles, or "Runaways." The Bay area remained largely isolated from the United States until the 1880s, when the Plant System connected Tampa to the South via the railroad and the Caribbean via steamships. Slaves ran away and joined the Indians, who refused to surrender them. His father's name was Secoffee, while it is thought that the chief Micanopy was his uncle. Santa Rosa Island Dunes By Danielos , CC BY-SA 2.5, Link. He was the leader of the Seminole Indians during the Third Seminole War. The war was also known as Billy Bowlegs' War because Billy Bowlegs (Holata Micco) was the main Seminole leader in this the last Indian war to be fought east of the Mississippi River. What is known is that Bowlegs (referred to in modern times as "Billy" Bowlegs I) was a nephew of noted Seminole Chief Cowkeeper, brother of King Payne and uncle to Micanopy - all well-known to the U.S. military as important Seminole War leaders from the Alachua band situated in Paynes Prairie. It soon appeared that the King of the Everglades was bent upon having a "big drunk" in New Orleans. At daybreak on the morning of the 22d of July two hundred Indians, headed by Bowlegs, attacked the camp. He dominated prison Just like 2Pac, some of Penn's best work. [7] He wanted to improve their understanding of the tribe's culture. Older children can be treated for bow legs depending on the cause of the condition. "Billy Bowlegs Told of How 7 Were Killed", Publication of Archival, Library & Museum Materials, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Bowlegs_III&oldid=1143748715, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, note: Both the historical marker and the historical marker database record his name as, This page was last edited on 9 March 2023, at 17:08. Seeing action as a Loyalist during the Revolutionary War, Bowles later formed an alliance with the Muscogee people and attempted to establish an independent indigenous American state with British support. HISTORY Coacoochee (Wild Cat) Renowned for his strategic ability and combat prowess, Coacoochee (known to Americans as Wild Cat), was a front line leader. At last they determined to act without him. With much difficulty Mr. Gadsden succeeded in inducing some of the Seminole chiefs to sign a treaty empowering a delegation to visit the country proposed to be allotted to them, and in case they were satisfied with it, the nation should cede all their Florida lands, and remove west of the Mississippi. They became advocates for the Seminole. Then came the intelligence that Billy Bowlegs, with 33 warriors and 80 women and children, had actually embarked for New Orleans, on their way to Arkansas; but that the old chief, Sam Jones, with 38 warriors and their women and children, still refused to come in at any price; that he declared he would not emigrate for two wagon-loads of money; that his women followed King Billy's men, jeering them for selling themselves to the pale-faces; and that King Billy said Sam was a fool, and he did not care what became of him. View Source Suggest Edits Memorial Photos Flowers Created by: JennW Added: 6 Oct 2016 Find a Grave Memorial ID: 170923791 Source citation Billy Bowlegs (Holata Micco) in the Seminole Wars (Part I). I was very desirous to add to my collection the portraits of Billy's "old wife" and her daughters, especially that of the elder, the "Lady Elizabeth Bowlegs," a good-looking lass of eighteen. Focusing specifically on shipwrecks along the coast of Florida, modern conceptions of colonial Spanish history as dominated by wealth and treasure have created a 21st century tourism economy reliant on historical inaccuracy, where richer histories on day-to-day life in colonial Spanish Florida commonly come second to stories of sunken treasure. The dignity was hardly worth the having. Facebook gives people the power to. He and his followers resisted their removal to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma until 1858. Pirate Queen Elizabeth Noble England and Capt. Billy's Creek in Fort Myers, Florida is named after Bowlegs as this was the spot where he was forced to surrender in 1858.[5]. A plausible motive for my proceedings as easily suggested. The 2022 Billy Bowlegs Pirate Festival includes a Downtown Pub Crawl on Thursday, May 12th, 5 p.m.-9 p.m. Start at any of the participating locations to get your card and then head to all locations to get your card stamped. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation and COVID-19 information, Notice of Intelligent Business Solutions data eventLearn more. Half of the men fell at the first discharge. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. A Dictionary of Nursing stand stand / stand/ v. (past stood / stod/ ) 1. It is located at the intersection of U.S. 27 and State Road 78. Of his thirty men twenty-four were slain. A group of army engineers and surveyors invaded his territory in southwestern Florida, where they cut down banana trees and destroyed other property in the course of building forts.
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