Hassan mentioned Islam as the main element linking ethnic Somalis from Kenya and Somalia. In the late 19th century the Ogaden was claimed by both Ethiopia and the Italian protectorate of Somaliland. Yet devolution also led to new power struggles. 56. 4.5% vs 7.1% 33.22million larger labor force? Basil Kimutai on Twitter: "Kenya's young and growing population )spirits: 0.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. Changing fortunes in Ethiopia's Ogaden | Features | Al Jazeera While the issuance of identity papers is the states main instrument for making citizens, that state has further tools for placing people inside or outside the category of citizens. Despite the project developing very slowly and the envisioned wall having mutated into a fence,Footnote76 this structure could have effects on the living conditions for Kenyan Somalis inhabiting the northeastern region, many of whom still earn their living through pastoralism. The only exception from this pattern in Nakuru was a Muslim youth group in which Amina was participating: its all-Somali members, who had met in school, came from Somalia as well as from Kenya (and here from the urban areas as well as from the northeastern part of the country). The heterogeneous Somali population in Kenya can roughly be categorized into four groups. Collective punishment, however, persisted in the North Eastern Province. Differences in the identification process can also occur over time. 51. Ogaden | Region, History, & Conflict | Britannica Fifty years of abuse and neglect is too long to endure. 41. Kenyas persistent rapid population growth strains the labor market, social services, arable land, and natural resources. Last but not least the term ambiguous citizenship encapsulates different dimensions of citizenship while people can be treated as belonging in some of them, they are not necessarily categorized as citizens in others. Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization After a series of attacks on Kenyan soil carried out by the militant Somalian movement al-Shabaab, its Kenyan affiliate al-Hijra or actors claiming proximity to these groups, the Kenyan security apparatus reacted with heavy-handed measures, especially targeting ethnic Somalis living in Kenya.Footnote66 Kenyas Operation Linda Nchi (Protect the country) in October 2011, intended to push back al-Shabaab fighters from southern Somalia,Footnote67 was followed by a series of retaliatory attacks by al-Shabaab, often carried out in areas inhabited by ethnic Somalis. The ambiguousness of citizenship for Kenyan Somalis was complicated further in the 1990s, with the increasing number of Somalian refugees in Kenya.Footnote29 While this number officially includes only those registered as refugees, many more Somalians live outside the camps in the northeastern region as well as in Kenyan urban centres.Footnote30 From the early 1990s onwards, anti-refugee sentiments were aimed at Somalians. Ogden is a city located in Weber County Utah.It is also the county seat of Weber County.With a 2023 population of 86,942, it is the 8th largest city in Utah and the 399th largest city in the United States. 83. Cheesman et al., Decentralisation in Kenya, 15. 99. The system we have gone through, the schooling, brings people closer together, the way we understand things. The host population within a 50km radius of the refugee complex has been growing at a rate of 11.7% per year since the refugees moved into Dadaab, according to a study commissioned by the Kenyan. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. In the following, I will discuss three further citizen-making instruments, which have particularly influenced the position of Kenyan Somalis since the post-election violence of 2007/8: the census of 2009, the elections of 2013, and the securitization of politics since 2013. In the multi-ethnic state of Kenya, many are subjected to this ambiguous citizenship: Asians, white Kenyans, Nubians, or Arabs. Gedo - Wikipedia Kenyan Somalis seem to be ambiguous in both of them. In the 1960s and 1970s, Kenyans pursued higher education in the UK because of colonial ties, but as British immigration rules tightened, the US, the then Soviet Union, and Canada became attractive study destinations. Lind et al., Killing a Mosquito, 1516. 101. http://kenyaimnotaterrorist.tumblr.com [accessed 21 April 2016]. The question for Kenyan Somalis is not, therefore, if they belong to Kenya, but how. The Ogaden is the historical name for much of the current SNRS. There is a kind of national excitement coming with the elections they can be regarded as a national ritual in which the residents of Kenya fully participate.Footnote63 This is also the case for the northeastern region, despite the low voter registration in these counties, standing at 32.25% in Wajir, Mandera and Garissa,Footnote64 compared to 66% for overall Kenyan.Footnote65 Although Carrier and Kochore do not explain this low registration, it appears to result from a mixture of factors, from the complicated registration processes in remote areas, difficulties in acquiring identification documents for Kenyan Somalis to flawed population estimations. The Ogadeen are the single largest Somali clan family in both Kenya and Ethiopia and are highly politically influential in both countries. . Kenyan Somalis played an increasing (yet still small) role in political administration, as they were seen as neutral, as not connected to one of the influential ethnic groups. )53.2% of GDP (2016 est. See also Menkhaus, Conflict Assessment, 94 and 110. Aminas story makes visible the relevance of family ties linking Somalia and Kenya. )$25.706 billion (2018 est. In addition, archival sources about the history of urban Somali presence were gathered. )female: 2.7% (2020 est. UNPO: Ogaden - Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 62. Since her parents separated, there has been almost no contact between the father and his four daughters. Weitzberg, We Do Not Have, cautions that also this term implicitly sets Somalis apart from other transnational groups in Kenya (p. 15), for whom nationality is rarely mentioned. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Daily Nation, Security laws illegal, declares High Court, 23 February 2015. http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Security-laws-illegal-declares-High-Court/1064-2633342-jw2qp1/index.html. Administrative boundaries and names changed over time. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. With access to education, healthcare, and technology, Kenya is poised for exponential growth. Ethnicity is a highly relevant category for political discussions and practices in Kenya, not only during elections, but also, for example, for the allocation of positions in the public sector. Aminas father came from Baidoa, Somalia, and married her mother in Mombasa in 1990. See for instance the 2016 exhibition Who I Am, Who We Are in Nairobi and an article in the Daily Nation discussing this exhibition. . 22. Nevertheless, Kenyas relative stability since its independence in 1963 has attracted hundreds of thousands of refugees escaping violent conflicts in neighboring countries; Kenya was sheltering nearly 280,000 Somali refugees as of 2022. Talking Peace in the Ogaden. Afrobarometer Data, Kenya, R3R7, 2005/062016/18. KHRC, Foreigners at Home, 2426; Interview with Amina, August 2016. relatively successful government counter-insurgency campaign - have exhausted the local Ethiopian-Somali population sufficiently to push the ONLF back to the table. Janet McIntosh argues in her article about white citizens of Kenya, who, similar to Kenyan Somalis, have a conspicuous minority status, that even though the Kenyan government stated that all Kenyans are indigenous,Footnote80 this phrase implicitly only refers to Kenyans of African descent, linking national belonging to race. In addition, the Security Laws (Amendment) Act was passed in 2014. ), Kenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar -109.638 (2021 est. For Somalians, Kenyan Somalis are Somali sijui, Somali who do not know (neither Somali language nor culture), brothers and sisters, but not real Somalis. Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania, total: 580,367 sq kmland: 569,140 sq kmwater: 11,227 sq km, five times the size of Ohio; slightly more than twice the size of Nevada, total: 3,457 kmborder countries (5): Ethiopia 867 km; Somalia 684 km; South Sudan 317 km; Tanzania 775 km; Uganda 814 km, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior, low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west, highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 mlowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mmean elevation: 762 m, limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower, agricultural land: 48.1% (2018 est. Kenya has experienced dramatic population growth since the mid-20th century as a result of its high birth rate and its declining mortality rate. [3] . 102. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. )crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est. The government was unable to respond adequately to the attacks. ), production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. While they have been treated as ambiguous citizens since independence, many think of themselves as Kenyans and at least in the last decade, Somalia, Somaliland and Puntland have not been central points of reference for many. This paper deals with the first two categories, Kenyan Somalis who have a well-founded claim to Kenyan citizenship. All Kenyan citizens aged 18 are legally obliged to register with the National Registration Bureau in order to obtain an identity card.Footnote45 The effects of non-possession of ID vary, but it is generally needed for voting, education, travel, official employment, business and even emergency aid.Footnote46 Without a valid ID, the only routes into social participation are the acquisition of forged papers, or the usage of middlemen. This means: at an individual level, an Ogaden from there might feel the urge or need or might be compelled . Kenya Population Census 1969, 1; Kenya Population Census 1979, 8. Somali Entrepreneurs in Kenya Have Transformed the Informal Retail Economy in Substantive Ways, MPI for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, in Association with Cityscapes Magazine, Territorializing Ethnicity: the Imposition of a Model of Statehood on Pastoralists in Northern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia. The region has an overall low population density and is home to Somali-speaking nomadic pastoralists. Kenya was, after Somalia, the second largest recipient of US-American anti-terrorism funds in Sub-Saharan Africa between 2013 and 2015. http://securityassistance.org/data/country/military/country/2011/2018/is_all/Africa [accessed 14 March 2017]. 85. During the screening of Kenyans of Somali descent in 1989, those considered as belonging to an indigenous lineage were issued pink screening cards.Footnote25 All others were effectively declared non-citizens, losing everything linked to Kenyan citizenship status (such as property).Footnote26 Kenyan Somalis were, as during the Wagalla massacre,Footnote27 on both sides of this event in both cases a small Somali political elite used the events to weaken their economic and political rivals.Footnote28 Even though not all Kenyan Somalis were registered, the pink screening card would be a requirement for obtaining an ID years later. The possibilities the new Constitution concedes are slowly finding their ways into laws and thereafter into practice. Starting with the elections in 2013 there has been a roll-back of reforms adopted after the post-election violence of 20072008,Footnote79 often under the rubric of securitization. In the violence following the elections 2007, he was almost killed in a targeted attack, which he blamed on economic competition based on ethnic categorization. Concerning Somali shopping centres see Scharrer and Carrier, Giving Informality Room.. ), English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languagesmajor-language sample(s): The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. 100. Horn of Africa. Demographics of Kenya - statistics & facts | Statista Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? ), total: 11.1% (2020 est. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. 60. 65 In 1948 and 1962 enumeration in Northern Province was not done by household because of sparse population and logistical difficulties. McIntosh, Autochthony and Family, 253. But counting ethnic affiliation also created opportunities for the negotiation of belonging to Kenya. Kenyan Somalis seem to be ambiguous in both of them. The biggest group of Somalis moving to the cities were therefore not refugees, but Kenyan Somalis whose migration resulted partly from the changing structures in the northeastern region. ), fossil fuels: 8.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Kenyas Somalis, however, occupy the most ambiguous situation of all. Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, July 21, 1993, p. 1524. For the next two centuries Abyssinia defined the limits . East African Countries - WorldAtlas